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The Jewish community of the city of Kleczew came into existence in the sixteenth century. It remained large and strong throughout the next four hundred years, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it constituted 40-60% of the total population. The German army entered Kleczew on September 15, 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II. The communities of Kleczew and the vicinity were among the first Jewish collectives in Europe to be totally destroyed. The events presented in this book reveal that the organization of deportations and the methods of mass murder conducted in this district, by Kommando Lange, served as a model that would be applied later in the death camps during the mass extermination of Polish and European Jewry. If so, it was in the woods near Kleczew that the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" began.
Essential Figures in Jewish Scholarship compiles thorough but manageable entries on the figures most vital to an understanding the scholarship of the post-Talmudic era. Despite the fact that these scholars have been of great importance to the continued interpretation of religious texts for more than a millennium, they are typically not given as much attention as their Talmudic-era predecessors. In this valuable reference, Dr. Ronald L. Eisenberg catalogs and explains the importance of more than two hundred figures who are most vital to an understanding of the teachings of the post-Talmudic rabbis. For these figures, who fall into the categories of Geonim (rabbis writing from 600–1100), Rishonim (1100—1500), and Acharonim (1500–present day), Eisenberg provides summaries of major teachings and scholarly contributions, as well as biographical information and illustrative quotations from relevant writings.
A bold new study of politics and power in 17th-century France, this book argues that the French Crown extended its control over the provinces and laid the foundations for a centralized state by removing patronage power from the provincial governors and putting it instead in the hands of newly-created provincial power brokers--regional notables who cooperated with the Paris ministers in exchange for their patronage.