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Recomendations. To the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the regional government of Oromia State -- To international election observers -- To donor governments -- To the World Bank and United Nations agencies involved in development in Ethopia. -- Introduction -- Political competition in Oromia. Historical Background -- Ethiopia and Oromia under EPRDF rule: The Oromo Liberation Front -- The struggle for political control in Oromia during the transition -- The May 2005 elections. -- Government use of torture, arbitrary detention, surveillance and harassment to discourage and punish dissent. Arbitrary detention and torture: Arbitrary Detention, prolonged arbitrary detention of high-profile Oromo defendants, torture and other mistreatment. -- Continuing harassment of targeted individuals -- Targeting Oromo students for harassment and abuse -- Pressuring teachers to monitor students for subversive speech -- The chilling effect of government abuse on the freedom of expression. -- Mechanisms used by the Ethiopian government to control rural communities in Oromia. The Kebele system -- The Gott and Garee system: The imposition of Gott and Garee on rural communities, forced labor under the Garee, forced attendance at political meetings, using the Garee to monitor speech, the chilling effect of the Gott and Garee system on speech, restrictions on the freedom of movement. -- The international response and official reactions of the Ethopian government to criticism about its human rights record -- Acknowledgements.
Does the withdrawal of armies from direct rule in most countries herald an end to their role as actors in domestic politics? Has political intervention by the military been superseded? This comparative examination of the politicized armed forces looks at * the consequences of military rule for nation building and economic development * the effects of the passing of the Cold War and the rise of globalization on the political role of the military * the role of political armies in the consolidation of civil politics and democratic governance * the lessons for policy makers in global governance and post-conflict reconstruction The contributors build on successive theories about the role of the military in politics and look to the future. The most threatening scenario may be a proliferation of armed actors and the rise of privatized forces of law and order.