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Whole life costing is now integral to building procurement, both for new buildings and major refurbishments. It is key when assessing investment scenarios for estates as well as individual buildings, and has become a tool for justifying higher capital cost items. Standard whole life costing methods combine capital cost, facilities costs, operational costs, income and disposal costs with a “single action–single benefit” approach. Costing based on this type of single attribute assessment misses out on realising value from the intricacies of the interactions buildings have with their occupants, users and the location in which they are placed. In contrast, the multi-attribute approach presented by the author of this book explains how to analyse the whole cost of a building, while also taking into account secondary and tertiary values of a variety of actions that are deemed important for the project owners and decision-making stakeholders. The process is an effective tool for presenting a good business case within the opportunities and constrains of real life. For example, it presents the interdependencies of how: Building location affects servicing strategies which impact on maintainability and control and, by extension, on occupant comfort; Material selection affects time on site, building maintainability as well as overall building quality and the environment; Building shape impacts on servicing strategies as well as operating costs. The reader will be shown how to incorporate this method of whole life valuation into standard cost models allowing for a more robust decision making process. This is done by breaking down project aims into their most basic aspects and adopting the methods of simple quantitative risk analysis, the functionality of which is based on real data. Written by an author immersed in project team collaboration to identify the interdependencies of design decisions throughout her professional life, this is the most practical guide available on the topic.
This book sets out the practical issues involved in the selection of materials, their performance, and the issues that need to be taken into account. The issues are not formularised or packaged, but the reader is given a clear understanding and sensible practical guidance.
With its mixture of established theory, best practice and innovation Whole-life costing: risk and risk responses offers a thorough grounding in both the theory and practical application of WLCC. It will help to improve accuracy of the assessments of long-term effectiveness of projects - now an essential tool for those performing risk analysis in construction investment.
The construction industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to adopt a holistic approach to the design, building, and disposal of structures. With 60 per cent of the total construction budget in most developed countries being spent on repair and maintenance, there is an obvious need to design for reliability and durability, with more carefully planned maintenance and repair schedules. One important facet is to look at how costs are distributed and spent during the lifetime of a structure: an approach known as life cycle costing, which has the ultimate aim of minimising total lifetime expenditure. As an example, choosing an inexpensive coating for steelwork may require maintenance every three years, whereas a coating which is more expensive may require repairing only once per decade. It is a question of balance - taking the lifetime costs of the structure into consideration. This new book provides an insight into how whole life costing is affecting our approach to designing, building, maintaining and disposing of structures. The book is written for consulting engineers in the fields of civil and structural engineering, building designers, architects, quantity surveyors, refurbishing specialists, as well as practising civil and structural engineers engaged in planning, design, construction, repair and refurbishment of structures.
Achieving a sustainable building is not just a matter of design and construction: what happens once the building is occupied is absolutely critical. This book shows how the choices designers, developers and building users make impact on sustainability over the life span of the building. The authors show how a holistic approach considering costs, energy use, environmental impact, global warming potential as well as items which a usually disregarded such as finishes, furniture and appliances is needed to achieve best practice.
Whole life appraisal entails a review not just of the capital costs of a project, but also the running and maintenance costs and is increasingly being required by clients seeking maximum value for money. This new book provides an introduction to the subject, discusses issues such as investment appraisal and life expectancy of components, and shows by means of case studies how to carry out a whole life appraisal.
Balances Scientific and Economic Points of View to Thoroughly Address Management Issues Responding to the need for clarification and benchmarks, Environmental Life Cycle Costing provides the fundamental basis on which to establish a definitive methodology. Clearly defining environmental LCC, this book balances scientific and econom
This practical guide to cost studies of buildings has been updated and revised throughout for the 5th edition. New chapters have been added on the RICS New Rules of Measurement (NRM) for order of cost estimating and elemental cost planning, and on the procurement of construction projects.
This new edition of the classic quantity surveying textbook retains its basic structure but has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent changes in the industry, especially in procurement. Although over the last 20 years a number of new procurement methods have evolved and become adopted, the recession has seen many clients revert to established traditional methods of procurement so the fundamentals of cost planning still apply - and should not be ignored. The first edition of this leading textbook was published in 1964 and it continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to the practice and procedures of cost planning in the procurement of buildings. This 9th edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect changes that have occurred in the UK construction industry in the past six years. Whilst retaining its core structure of the three-phase cost planning process originally developed by Ferry and Brandon, the text provides a thorough grounding in contemporary issues including procurement innovation, whole life cycle costing and modelling techniques. Designed to support the core cost planning studies covered by students reading for degrees in quantity surveying and construction management, it provides a platform for understanding the fundamental importance of effective cost planning practice. The principals of elemental cost planning are covered from both pre- and post- contract perspectives; the role of effective briefing and client/stakeholder engagement as best practice is also reinforced in this text. This new edition: Addresses The Soft Landings Framework (a new govt. initiative, especially for schools) to make buildings perform radically better and much more sustainably. Puts focus on actual performance in use at brief stage, during design and construction, and especially before and after handover. Covers recent changes in procurement, especially under the NEC and PFI Provides more on PPP and long-term maintenance issues Offers an improved companion website with tutorial worksheets for lecturers and Interactive spreadsheets for students, e.g. development appraisal models; lifecycle costing models