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This paper was prepared for presentation at the eighty-eighth annual meeting of the American Economics Association in Dallas, Texas, 30 December 1975. It summarizes research that is reported in detail in the following three reports: Welfare Caseload Dynamics in New York City, The Rand Corporation, R-1441-NYC/OPR-R-14, 1974; Welfare Case Turnover in 1972, NYC Human Resources Administration, Office of Policy Research, OPR-R-12, 1974; and Prediction of the Size and Cost of the New York City Welfare Caseload in 1975, the Rand Corporation, forthcoming.
Welfare reform was a spectacular success in New York under Mayor Giuliani despite the city's history of liberal social programs and its huge, entrenched welfare system. The city reduced the numbers on welfare from 1,120,000 to 460,000 by changing the organizational culture, protecting against fraud, insisting on 'work first, ' adapting information technology, and contracting for job placement. The organizational culture was transformed by bold leadership that changed the welfare agency's mission and goals, overcame internal resistance, and prevailed over politicians who had a vested interest in the status quo and the media that were opposed to welfare reform. Welfare fraud was largely eliminated by dropping from the rolls those who were working and could not appear for in-person interviews, by fingerprinting recipients to catch those enrolled under multiple identities and those receiving welfare checks from other jurisdictions, by uncovering hidden income, by enrolling new applicants only after thorough investigation, and by tightening controls to prevent fraud by corrupt employees. JobStat, a computer-based system modeled after the Police Department's system used to track precinct activity, was developed to track the status of welfare recipients and to monitor the performance of the 'Job Centers, ' which were formerly called welfare offices. JobStat focused the attention of department personnel on performance indicators rather than on minutely specified rules. The Giuliani administration's major contribution to national welfare reform was the creation of the only system in the country with large-scale, alternative work arrangements that was able to acculturate large numbers of the never-employed to the world of work.
The basic ecology of human groups—the relationship between the distribution of population and material resources and the resultant social and cultural patterns—is a subject which has occasioned far more talk than down-to-earth research. Filling this gap, George Sternlieb and Bernard Indik consider one dimension of human ecology— the interplay between housing and outlook, between the physical realities of a dwelling unit and the attitudes and responses of its inhabitants. Their book, The Ecology of Welfare, presents a detailed description of the housing and housing problems of one special subgroup-New York City's welfare recipients in the 1970's.
Apply knowledge from the latest research to urgent social problems and programs Cutting-Edge Social Policy Research is a careful selection of the finest papers from the 2004 Social Policy Conference held in Charleston, South Carolina. These presentations from respected experts spotlight the latest and best research on a wide variety of crucial social policy issues. Explanations are provided on how to use qualitative and quantitative methods to research social policy questions, with a clear view on how to apply research results to today’s social problems and programs. Cutting-Edge Social Policy Research discusses various social policy topics, approaches, and the latest high-quality research and findings. Students learn how others have researched the topics using different approaches, while practitioners gain important new information relevant to their jobs and practice areas. Chapters explore vital perspectives, such as how to link program evaluation to policy practice, how clients’ “in their own voices” views bring more convincing rationale to policymakers, and how the “trauma perspective” can spotlight the true effects of poverty, inequality, and oppression in our society. The text includes extensive up-to-date bibliographies and literature reviews. Topics in Cutting-Edge Social Policy Research include: measuring program implementation—to differentiate between theories that don’t work and programs that aren’t effective inclusion of qualitative methods into research in social policy the latest quality-of-life research for the elderly in nursing homes effective intervention practices for deaf and hard of hearing children susceptible to abuse in-depth analysis of the eight variables of the Section 8 Housing Program policy process trauma theory and its application to poverty policy the impact of work incentive policies examination of state and local governments granting large tax breaks to corporations—and the implications for social welfare practitioners Cutting-Edge Social Policy Research is stimulating, insightful reading for practitioners, educators, and students in social policy, social work, sociology, and political science.