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Is poor macro economic environment a main root to crime causation Is poor macro economic environment cause crime essentially? Economic Theories indicate the roots of crime are diverse and a discipline like economics, predicated on rational behavior, may be at something of a disadvantage in explaining a phenomenon largely viewed as irrational. A recent survey suggests that three general issues are of central concern in the economics of crime literature: the effects of incentives on criminal behavior, how decisions interact in a market-setting, and the use of cost-benefit analysis to assess alternative policies to reduce crime will focus on the role of incentives on criminal behavior.However, trend in criminal participation rates in most industrialized economies is a difficult task. Many social scientists argue that crime is closely related to work, education and poverty and that truancy, youth unemploymentand crime are by products or even measures of social exclusion. "Blue-collar"criminals often have limited education and possess limited labor market skills. These characteristics partly explain the poor employment records and low legitimate earnings of most criminals. These sort of issues originally led economists to examine the relationship between wages and unemployment rates on crime. More recentlyeconomists have also considered the benefits and costs of educational programs toreduce crime.A related question concerns the impact of sanctions. For example, does increased imprisonment lower the crime rate? How does the deterrent effect of formal sanctions arise? Although criminologists have been tackling such issues for many years, it is only recently that economists have entered the arena of controversy. This is not surprising given the high levels of crime and the associated allocation of public and private resources towards crime prevention. The expenditure on the criminal justice system (police, prisons, prosecution/defense and courts) is a significant proportion of government budgets. In addition, firms and households are spendingincreasingly more on private security.The incentive-based economic model of crime is a model of decision making in risky situations.
The relationship between economic deprivation and violent crime has been one of the most widely studied in the field of criminology, yet little is known about the impact of recent macroeconomic conditions and welfare reform policies on the poverty-youth violence relationship. Therefore, the current study utilizes data from the 1993-2004 National Crime Victimization Survey to assess the association between poverty and youth violent victimization trends variously disaggregated by race, ethnicity, and family structure, and the impact of welfare reform and macroeconomic conditions on this relationship. In addition, the potential impact of welfare reform on the individual-level relationship between poverty and youth's risks for violence is examined. Results from macro-level analyses reveal an important association between recent youth poverty and violent victimization trends, but the findings overwhelmingly suggests that the relationship was not affected by changes in macroeconomic conditions and federal welfare policies. Significant impacts were found for certain groups of youth, most notably those in female headed families, while no significant impacts were found for Hispanic youth. Findings from survey-weighted logistic regression analyses also revealed a significant, direct association between poverty and youth's violence risks that appeared to be consistent with a welfare reform effect, but the relationship was fully mediated by the 'female headed family' variable both before and after the passage of welfare reform-the sum of the evidence suggesting that family structure is a key contingency in the poverty-violence relationship. This study concludes with a discussion of key findings, methodological limitations, and recommendations for future research.
While the first half of the 20th century was characterized by total war, the second half witnessed, at least in the Western world, a massive expansion of the modern welfare state. A growing share of the population was covered by ever more generous systems of social protection that dramatically reduced poverty and economic inequality in the post-war decades. With it also came a growth in social spending, taxation and regulation that changed the nature of the modern state and the functioning of market economies. Whether and in which ways warfare and the rise of the welfare state are related, is subject of this volume. Distinguishing between three different phases (war preparation, wartime mobilization, and the post-war period), the volume provides the first systematic comparative analysis of the impact of war on welfare state development in the western world. The chapters written by leading scholars in this field examine both short-term responses to and long-term effects of war in fourteen belligerent, occupied, and neutral countries in the age of mass warfare stretching over the period from ca. 1860 to 1960. The volume shows that both world wars are essential for understanding several aspects of welfare state development in the western world.
This paper analyses the role of social safety nets in the form of redistributional transfers and wage subsidies. It is argued that public welfare programs can be viewed as a crime-preventing or disruption-preventing devices because they tend to increase the opportunity cost of engaging in crime or disruptive activities. It is shown that, in the presence of a leisure choice, wage subsidies may be better than pure transfers. Using a simple growth model, the optimal size of the public welfare program is found and it is argued that public welfare should be financed with income (not lump-sum) taxes, despite the fact that income taxes are distortionary. The intuition for this result is that income taxes act as a user fee on congested public goods and transfers can be thought of as productive public goods subject to congestion. Finally, using a cross-section of 75 countries, the partial correlation between transfers and growth is shown to be significantly positive.
Crime rates in Latin America are among the highest in the world, creating climates of fear and lawlessness in several countries. Despite this situation, there has been a lack of systematic effort to study crime in the region or the effectiveness of policies designed to tackle it. The Economics of Crime is a powerful corrective to this academic blind spot and makes an important contribution to the current debate on causes and solutions by applying lessons learned from recent developments in the economics of crime. The Economics of Crime addresses a variety of topics, including the impact of kidnappings on investment, mandatory arrest laws, education in prisons, and the relationship between poverty and crime. Utilizining research from within and without Latin America, this book illustrates the broad range of approaches that have been efficacious in studying crime in both developing and developed nations. The Economics of Crime is a vital text for researchers, policymakers, and students of both crime and of Latin American economic policy.
Unemployment causes crimeWhy does global macro economic environment become worse, it will bring many countries' unemployment rates raise as well as it can cause crime rate number rises in possible? I believe that they have case and effect relationship. In most countries, unemployment is higher today than it was in the 1960s. Why are these such large variations in unemployment, it brings more crime after 1960s? I shall indicate the reasons as below: (1)Hiring costs raise unemployment as firms become more anxious to keep the workers they have, which puts upward pressure on wages. So, when the global societies employers feel any costs are increasing after 1960s, e.g. manufacturing cost, rent cost, office and/or office electricity cost, goods transportation cost, even wage cots etc. hen, many employers will choose to dismiss many workers and unemployment rate will be raised. When many workers lose jobs for long time. Social crime number will increase, in special, the low educational and low skillful workers. Their crime mind and crime behaviors will be caused by long term unemployment.(2)Generous unemployment benefits may make workers more selective in their job search and raise unemployment. IN fact, after 1960s, global macro economic environment had been improving from manufacturing industry to service, than high technological industries development both. It will cause the developing countries, such as Africa, China, Hong Kong, Korea etc., their low education and low skillful workers lose jobs suddenly, due to their manufacturing skills won't be popular needed to employers. For example, old cloth drwssing machines will be replaced from new high technological cloth dressing machines, old car manufacturing factory method will be replaced by high technological artificial intelligent car manufacturing method. When the low manufacturing skillful workers can not find any manufacturing jobs to match their manufactury skills in their job search process. Then, in long term unemployment situation, the high technolobical development factor will cause the low manufacturing skillful workers have crime or anti-social psychological mind to cause crime behaviors easily.(3)Mismatch between worker skills and labor demand means that unemployed workers have differenties competing for jobs which will raise the level of unemployment. Similiar, due to global macro economic environment changes, e.g. many high technological skillful workers number increases, but the supply of high technological skillful workers number can not grow rapidly. So, it brings the shortage of high technological skillful labor supply. Otherwise, in global societies, many low technological skillful workers, they do not continue to learn any kinds of high technological knowledge to prepare to find any high technological jobs easily. So, global societies bring the mismatch between worker skills and labor demand. Consequently, it many bring many low technological skillful workers still lose jobs for long time, Then, their crime behaviors will also be influenced to raise in possible.(4)Lacking a well-functioning education system and active labor market policy could potentialy raise mismatch and unemployed. The reason is easy to understand. For Hong Kong example, HK crime rate is increasing after 1960s. although, HK's manufacturing industry is replaced by monetary, service industries maninly nowadays. HK lacks a well functioning education system to educate the low educational level and low skillful youngers to be trained their skills to prepare to do further high technological development industry. So, HK's social weakness is a lack of high technological jobs well-functioning education system. It can train many youngers to do high technological jobs in active labor market.
The relationship between welfare economics and crime rateI believe that whether the country has betteror worse welfare economic environment or its welfare is improved to satisfy its citizen's living of standard, it will bring effect whether its society's crime rate is more less. I shall explain why and how the country welfare will influence its crime rate to be increased or decreased as below reasons: What does the new welfare economics mean?It can be explained that how the county citizens interpersonal comparison of utility and social welfare function to their country's welfare policy to let they feel more satisfactory or less satisfactory. Their satisfaction can include leisure and non-leisure consumption satisfaction daily. So, if the country can give more welfares to let its citizen to feel more satisfaction on leisureand consumption aspects. Then, they won't choose to do any crime activities more easily. In fact, economists have used no methods of scientific research in arriving at their conclusionsabout whether the country can provide better or worse economic welfare, which can influence the society's crime rate is raised or decreased. However, I shall attempt to explain that why any country's welfare can let its citizen to satisfy more or less, then it can influence the country's crime rate to be increased or decreased. Every country's economic welfare was said tobe a part of total welfare, as well as it can be brought directly or indirectly into relation with money. Why do some countries change their social welfare, then their crime rate can beimproved to reduce really? In other words, a less satisfaction to a man with more money than it will to one with less money. Based on this assumption, when the country has good welfare toprovide the low income people, then they will feelmore satisfaction on their daily living needs. They won't feel worry their basic foods, living needs. Consequently, the society will increasemany low income people , they won't feel difficulty to live, then stealing , fighting etc. opposed social crime behaviors or activities will ought to be decreased, due to the low income people feel or believe their country can feel whatthey have real essential needs at the moment. The low income people can feel safe to live in thecountry. Then, the country's crime rate ought tobe decreased. So, it seems that crime rate increases or decreases, it has relationship between the country's welfare satisfaction to their essential needs, in specially the low income group.
In this unique and timely book, two of the world′s leading criminologists explore the connections between crime and economic conditions. The authors skilfully draw on influential criminological theories to formulate an original "institutional" perspective. This perspective sheds light on the complex ways in which levels and forms of crime reflect the structure and functioning of the economy in advanced capitalist societies. The book offers a readable, interesting and accessible analysis, addressing an array of different criminal activities, including: violent crime drug crime white-collar crime organised crime fraud corporate crime. Crime and the Economy is written with clarity and flair. Technical terms, where used, are fully explained; relevant examples punctuate the discussion; and key points are supported by graphs and diagrams. It is essential reading for undergraduates, graduate students, and academics in criminology and sociology. Compact Criminology is an exciting series that invigorates and challenges the international field of criminology. Books in the series are short, authoritative, innovative assessments of emerging issues in criminology and criminal justice – offering critical, accessible introductions to important topics. They take a global rather than a narrowly national approach. Eminently readable and first-rate in quality, each book is written by a leading specialist. Compact Criminology provides a new type of tool for teaching, learning and research, one that is flexible and light on its feet. The series addresses fundamental needs in the growing and increasingly differentiated field of criminology.
Offers a challenging interpretation of the ways in which young people’s non-participation is becoming marginalised and criminalised. It re-examines the causes and consequences of youth unemployment in and beyond the UK from an unusually wide range of social science disciplines and perspectives.