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Weather radar is a vital instrument for observing the atmosphere to help provide weather forecasts and issue weather warnings to the public. The current Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) system provides Doppler radar coverage to most regions of the United States (NRC, 1995). This network was designed in the mid 1980s and deployed in the 1990s as part of the National Weather Service (NWS) modernization (NRC, 1999). Since the initial design phase of the NEXRAD program, considerable advances have been made in radar technologies and in the use of weather radar for monitoring and prediction. The development of new technologies provides the motivation for appraising the status of the current weather radar system and identifying the most promising approaches for the development of its eventual replacement. The charge to the committee was to determine the state of knowledge regarding ground-based weather surveillance radar technology and identify the most promising approaches for the design of the replacement for the present Doppler Weather Radar. This report presents a first look at potential approaches for future upgrades to or replacements of the current weather radar system. The need, and schedule, for replacing the current system has not been established, but the committee used the briefings and deliberations to assess how the current system satisfies the current and emerging needs of the operational and research communities and identified potential system upgrades for providing improved weather forecasts and warnings. The time scale for any total replacement of the system (20- to 30-year time horizon) precluded detailed investigation of the designs and cost structures associated with any new weather radar system. The committee instead noted technologies that could provide improvements over the capabilities of the evolving NEXRAD system and recommends more detailed investigation and evaluation of several of these technologies. In the course of its deliberations, the committee developed a sense that the processes by which the eventual replacement radar system is developed and deployed could be as significant as the specific technologies adopted. Consequently, some of the committee's recommendations deal with such procedural issues.
Reviews the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), a Doppler weather radar that the Department of Commerce, Defense, and Transportation are jointly acquiring. This $1.4 billion project will establish a constellation of radars to increase the accuracy, timeliness, and credibility of hazardous weather warnings. Focuses on changes in the number of NEXRADs being deployed, contract options to purchase additional radar units, the Air Force's contribution to the national NEXRAD network, and the accessibility and availability of NEXRADs.
As part of a program to improve short-range forecasts of weather conditions at aircraft terminals, a digital radar system was established at Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Bedford Mass. The system, consisting of AN/FPS-77, digital interface, microwave transmitter-receiver, video integrator and computer, was installed in late 1972. Since that time the system has been used in conjunction with a network of 26 automated weather stations to make experimental forecasts of visibility and severe-weather conditions. The radar output of digital maps of radar intensity was found to be very convenient, but the inability of the radar to detect small water droplets limits the use in low visibility forecasting primarily to heavy rain storms and snow storms. In severe storms modest success was attained forecasting gusts, using digital maps. The large amounts of weather information from the network and radar frequently saturated the forecaster making forecasts at 15-min intervals, and relief was sought in the form of objective aids. Preliminary relationships between radar intensity, extinction coefficient (visibility) and rainfall rate have been formulated. In addition, a technique was developed using digital radar maps to obtain motion vectors and make probability forecasts of severe weather conditions. The calibration procedure relies on intensity of ground targets (hills and towers) for day-to-day relative calibration, and absolute calibration has been limited to Z-R relations. (Author).
The nation's network of more than 130 Next Generation Radars (NEXRADs) is used to detect wind and precipitation to help National Weather Service forecasters monitor and predict flash floods and other storms. This book assesses the performance of the Sulphur Mountain NEXRAD in Southern California, which has been scrutinized for its ability to detect precipitation in the atmosphere below 6000 feet. The book finds that the Sulphur Mountain NEXRAD provides crucial coverage of the lower atmosphere and is appropriately situated to assist the Los Angeles-Oxnard National Weather Service Forecast Office in successfully forecasting and warning of flash floods. The book concludes that, in general, NEXRAD technology is effective in mountainous terrain but can be improved.