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Written by a select group of industry experts, under the supervision of the leading organization in water utilities, AWWA, this reference is the first practical guide to water desalination systems. Desalination is the process used to remove dissolved salts from seawater or highly-mineralized waters so that the water becomes usable for human and/or agricultural and industrial usage. This book offers authoritative guidance on the planning, design, and implementation of a successful water desalination system for public water utilities.
Management of Concentrate from Desalination Plants provides an overview of the alternatives for managing concentrate generated by brackish water and seawater desalination plants, as well as site-specific factors involved in the selection of the most viable alternative for a given project, and the environmental permitting requirements and studies associated with their implementation. The book focuses on widely used alternatives for disposal of concentrate, including discharge to surface water bodies; disposal to the wastewater collection system; deep well injection; land application; evaporation; and zero liquid discharge. Direct discharge through new outfall; discharge through existing wastewater treatment plant outfall; and co-disposal with the cooling water of existing coastal power plant are thoroughly described, and design guidance for the use of these concentrate disposal alternatives is presented with engineers and practitioners in the field of desalination in mind. Key advantages, disadvantages, environmental impact issues, and possible solutions are presented for each discharge alternative. Easy-to-use graphs depicting construction costs as a function of concentrate flow rate are provided for all key concentrate management alternatives. - Gives a critical overview of the latest practices and technological advancements in managing concentrate - Discusses the relationship between concentrate quality and quantity and other desalination processes - Provides design and cost guidance information to assist practitioners with the selection and sizing of the most commonly practiced concentrate disposal alternatives
The first section of this report presents a discussion of the history and current policy regarding toll roads in the United States. The second section contains selected information on toll facilities in the United States that has been provided to FHWA by the States and/or various toll authorities. The information is based on a survey of facilities in operation, financed, or under construction as of January 1, 1997. Tables T-1 and T-2 include, where known: The direction of toll collection; The type of electronic toll collection system, if available; Whether the facility is part of the National Highway System (NHS). Table T-1 contains information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll roads, bridges, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. Parts 1 and 3 include the Interstate System route numbers for toll facilities located on the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways; Parts 2 and 4 include a functional system identification code for non-Interstate System toll bridges, roads, and tunnels; Part 5 includes vehicular toll ferries. Table T-2 contains a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangements, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility.