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Our understanding of the ecology of running waters has come a long way during the past few years. From being a largely descriptive subject, with a few under tones concerned with such things as fisheries, pollution or control of blackflies, it has evolved into a discipline with hypotheses, such as the River Continuum Concept (Vannote et a/. 1980), and even a book suggesting that it offers opportunity for the testing of ecological theory (Barnes & Minshall 1983). However, perusal of the literature reveals that, although some of the very early studies were concerned with large rivers (references in Hynes 1970), the great mass of the work that has been done on running water has been on streams and small rivers, and information on larger rivers is either on such limited topics as fisheries or plankton, scattered among the journals, or not available to the general limnologist. The only exceptions are a few books in this series of publications, such as those on the Nile (Rz6ska 1976), the Volga (Morduckai Boltovskoi 1979) and the Amazon {Sioli 1984), and the recent compendium by Whitton (1984) on European rivers, among which there are a few that rate as large.
This book contains the Proceedings of the Symposium on Perspectives in Southern Hemisphere Limnology which was held from 3-13 July 1984 in Wilderness, South Africa. It can be asked why this Symposium was necessary at a time when conferences, symposia and other gatherings of learned people abound. Limnologists in the Southern Hemisphere have for some time been pointing out that limnological theory and inland water management practices have been developed almost exclusively in Northern Hemisphere temperate latitudes. Most of the land masses of the Southern Hemisphere fall within lower latitudes, 0 from 20-40 S, where the climate tends to be dry, with low cloud cover and with high levels of incident radiation and high water temperatures. Wide extremes are experienced in both rainfall and runoff, which occur mainly in summer. Sedimentary geological structures give rise to dispersive soils and highly turbid waters. Physiological, behavioural or developmental adaptations in the floral and faunal components are necessary to cope with desiccation and low visibility.
Australia is the world's driest inhabited continent. Water is our limiting resource. It might therefore be thought that our water resources would be the subject of the most intensive study. Certain aspects, it must be conceded, have received much attention, notably the availability of water in terms of actual quantity. The size of the surface water and the groundwater resource is well understood and indeed receives about as much study as can reasonably be expected in a country with as sparse a population and level of scientific manpower as ours. Although the importance of understanding the water resource in terms of quantity is widely accepted, what has not been generally appreciated is that for this resource to be 'available' to human society for all the different uses to which it is put, it is not sufficient that there exists within easy reach of the end users a certain total volume of water. For that water to fulfil its functions-for agriculture, industry, the home, recreation, biological conservation-it must be in a certain state: it must conform to certain chemical, physical and biological criteria, and what has not been sufficiently appreciated in Australian society is that the condition a water is in depends very much on the ecology of the waterbody in which it resides. There are waterbodies in the world, for example high-altitude glacial lakes, which are naturally so pristine that their water could be used for any purpose without treatment.
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