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Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: From Plants to Drug Development draws together the expert knowledge of researchers from around the world to outline the essential knowledge and techniques required to successfully extract bioactive compounds for further study. The book is a practical tool for medicinal chemists, biochemists, pharmaceutical scientists and academics working in the discovery and development of drugs from natural sources. The discovery and extraction of bioactive plant compounds from natural sources is of growing interest to drug developers, adding greater fuel to a simultaneous search for efficient, green technologies to support this. Particularly promising are aqueous based methods, as water is a cheap, safe and abundant solvent. Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds: From Plants to Drug Development is a detailed guide to the fundamental concepts and considerations needed to successfully undertake such processes, supported by application examples and highlighting the most influential variables. Beginning with an introduction to plants as sources of drugs, the book highlights the need for a move towards both more rational and greener techniques in the field, and presents multiple innovative water-based strategies for the discovery and extraction of bioactive constituents of botanicals. A broad range of available techniques are reviewed, including conventional and pressurized hot water extraction techniques, intensified processes such as microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted processes, and enzyme assisted extraction, and processes using combined techniques. Covers the theoretical background and range of techniques available to researchers, helping them to select the most appropriate extraction method for their needs Presents up-to-date and cutting edge applications by international experts Highlights current use and future potential for industrial scale applications Offers a thorough introduction to plants as sources of drugs, highlighting strategies for the discovery of novel bioactive constituents of botanicals
Bioactive compounds play a central role in high-value product development in the chemical industry. Bioactive compounds have been identified from diverse sources and their therapeutic benefits, nutritional value and protective effects in human and animal healthcare have underpinned their application as pharmaceuticals and functional food ingredients. The orderly study of biologically active products and the exploration of potential biological activities of these secondary metabolites, including their clinical applications, standardization, quality control, mode of action and potential biomolecular interactions, has emerged as one of the most exciting developments in modern natural medicine. Biotechnology of Bioactive Compounds describes the current stage of knowledge on the production of bioactive compounds from microbial, algal and vegetable sources. In addition, the molecular approach for screening bioactive compounds is also discussed, as well as examples of applications of these compounds on human health. The first half of the book comprises information on diverse sources of bioactive compounds, ranging from microorganisms and algae to plants and dietary foods. The second half of the book reviews synthetic approaches, as well as selected bioactivities and biotechnological and biomedical potential. The bioactive compounds profiled include compounds such as C-phycocyanins, glycosides, phytosterols and natural steroids. An overview of the usage of bioactive compounds as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, anti-allergic compounds and in stem cell research is also presented, along with an overview of the medicinal applications of plant-derived compounds. Biotechnology of Bioactive Compounds will be an informative text for undergraduate and graduate students of bio-medicinal chemistry who are keen to explore the potential of bioactive natural products. It also provides useful information for scientists working in various research fields where natural products have a primary role.
With increasing energy prices and the drive to reduce CO2 emissions, food industries are challenged to find new technologies in order to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal requirements on emissions, product/process safety and control, and for cost reduction and increased quality as well as functionality. Extraction is one of the promising innovation themes that could contribute to sustainable growth in the chemical and food industries. For example, existing extraction technologies have considerable technological and scientific bottlenecks to overcome, such as often requiring up to 50% of investments in a new plant and more than 70% of total process energy used in food, fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. These shortcomings have led to the consideration of the use of new "green" techniques in extraction, which typically use less solvent and energy, such as microwave extraction. Extraction under extreme or non-classical conditions is currently a dynamically developing area in applied research and industry. Using microwaves, extraction and distillation can now be completed in minutes instead of hours with high reproducibility, reducing the consumption of solvent, simplifying manipulation and work-up, giving higher purity of the final product, eliminating post-treatment of waste water and consuming only a fraction of the energy normally needed for a conventional extraction method. Several classes of compounds such as essential oils, aromas, anti-oxidants, pigments, colours, fats and oils, carbohydrates, and other bioactive compounds have been extracted efficiently from a variety of matrices (mainly animal tissues, food, and plant materials). The advantages of using microwave energy, which is a non-contact heat source, includes more effective heating, faster energy transfer, reduced thermal gradients, selective heating, reduced equipment size, faster response to process heating control, faster start-up, increased production, and elimination of process steps. This book will present a complete picture of the current knowledge on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of bioactive compounds from food and natural products. It will provide the necessary theoretical background and details about extraction by microwaves, including information on the technique, the mechanism, protocols, industrial applications, safety precautions, and environmental impacts.
The latest research on the health benefits and optimal processing technologies of herbs and spices This book provides a comprehensive overview of the health benefits, analytical techniques used, and effects of processing upon the physicochemical properties of herbs and spices. Presented in three parts, it opens with a section on the technological and health benefits of herbs and spices. The second part reviews the effect of classical and novel processing techniques on the properties of herbs/spices. The third section examines extraction techniques and analytical methodologies used for herbs and spices. Filled with contributions from experts in academia and industry, Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants: Processing, Health Benefits and Safety offers chapters covering thermal and non-thermal processing of herbs and spices, recent developments in high-quality drying of herbs and spices, conventional and novel techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from herbs and spices, and approaches to analytical techniques. It also examines purification and isolation techniques for enriching bioactive phytochemicals, medicinal properties of herbs and spices, synergy in whole-plant medicine, potential applications of polyphenols from herbs and spices in dairy products, biotic and abiotic safety concerns, and adverse human health effects and regulation of metal contaminants in terrestrial plant-derived food and phytopharmaceuticals. Covers the emerging health benefits of herbs and spices, including their use as anti-diabetics, anti-inflammatories, and anti-oxidants Reviews the effect of classical and novel processing techniques on the properties of herbs and spices Features informed perspectives from noted academics and professionals in the industry Part of Wiley's new IFST Advances in Food Science series Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants is an important book for companies, research institutions, and universities active in the areas of food processing and the agri-food environment. It will appeal to food scientists and engineers, environmentalists, and food regulatory agencies.
Algae have a long history of use as foods and for the production of food ingredients. There is also increasing interest in their exploitation as sources of bioactive compounds for use in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Functional ingredients from algae for foods and nutraceuticals reviews key topics in these areas, encompassing both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae.After a chapter introducing the concept of algae as a source of biologically active ingredients for the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals, part one explores the structure and occurrence of the major algal components. Chapters discuss the chemical structures of algal polysaccharides, algal lipids, fatty acids and sterols, algal proteins, phlorotannins, and pigments and minor compounds. Part two highlights biological properties of algae and algal components and includes chapters on the antioxidant properties of algal components, anticancer agents derived from marine algae, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities of algae, and algae and cardiovascular health. Chapters in part three focus on the extraction of compounds and fractions from algae and cover conventional and alternative technologies for the production of algal polysaccharides. Further chapters discuss enzymatic extraction, subcritical water extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactives from algae, and ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted extraction and modification of algal components. Finally, chapters in part four explore applications of algae and algal components in foods, functional foods and nutraceuticals including the design of healthier foods and beverages containing whole algae, prebiotic properties of algae and algae-supplemented products, algal hydrocolloids for the production and delivery of probiotic bacteria, and cosmeceuticals from algae.Functional ingredients from algae for foods and nutraceuticals is a comprehensive resource for chemists, chemical engineers and medical researchers with an interest in algae and those in the algaculture, food and nutraceutical industries interested in the commercialisation of products made from algae. Provides an overview of the major compounds in algae, considering both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae Discusses methods for the extraction of bioactives from algae Describes the use of algae and products derived from them in the food and nutraceutical industries
This volume details state-of- the art methods on sustainable food extractions. Chapters guide readers on traditional and novel extraction techniques, as well as exploring diverse sources of bioactive compounds. Additionally, chapters provide a holistic view of the field, catering to the needs of researchers, industry professionals, and students who are interested in this rapidly evolving area. Written in the format of the Methods and Protocols in Food Science series, chapters list necessary materials and methods for readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Bioactive Extraction and Application in Food and Nutraceutical Industries aims to be a foundation for future studies and to be a source of inspiration for new investigations in the field.
Extraction processes are essential steps in numerous industrial applications from perfume over pharmaceutical to fine chemical industry. Nowadays, there are three key aspects in industrial extraction processes: economy and quality, as well as environmental considerations. This book presents a complete picture of current knowledge on green extraction in terms of innovative processes, original methods, alternative solvents and safe products, and provides the necessary theoretical background as well as industrial application examples and environmental impacts. Each chapter is written by experts in the field and the strong focus on green chemistry throughout the book makes this book a unique reference source. This book is intended to be a first step towards a future cooperation in a new extraction of natural products, built to improve both fundamental and green parameters of the techniques and to increase the amount of extracts obtained from renewable resources with a minimum consumption of energy and solvents, and the maximum safety for operators and the environment.
Advances in the flavonoid field have been nothing short of spectacular over the last 20 years. While the medical field has noticed flavonoids for their potential antioxidant, anticancer and cardioprotectant characteristics, growers and processors in plant sciences have utilized flavonoid biosynthesis and the genetic manipulation of the flavonoid pa
Plant materials are increasingly exploited to isolate and purify their natural bioactive compounds. Reasons for this attention in recent times include, but are not limited to, the increasing antibiotic resistance by microorganisms, the growing concerns about side-effects from drugs of synthetic origin, and the increasing attention to preserving environmental resources through waste recovery. Kānuka is a native New Zealand medicinal tree valued for its role in rongoa Māori. The literature attests to kānuka products possessing properties which are beneficial to the medical, food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, bioactivity-guided studies on kānuka are scanty in comparison to studies on other plants like mānuka. In light of this, the possibility of recovering bioactive extracts from kānuka leaves in the form of liquid extracts was investigated in this present study, as a means to increase the value potential of the plant. The growing demand from consumers for natural products and sustainable processes from the government has given rise to many green extraction techniques. The desired recovery techniques must be of high efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effective. Although traditional extraction methods are convenient and may be relatively lower in cost, because of their drawbacks regarding toxicity, process duration, and the likes, alternatives are being sought. There are multiple types of separation technologies proposed in the literature for the recovery of value-added products from plants, but the focus of this research project is on subcritical water extraction, for several reasons mentioned throughout this report. Subcritical water extraction (also known as pressurised hot water extraction, superheated water extraction, or ASE with water as an extractant) appears to be a feasible alternative to conventional solvent extraction for recovering polyphenols from plant matrices. This is based on the fact that the dielectric constant (also known as relative permittivity) of water varies with temperature. The prominent and pertinent attractive features are discussed in chapter 3. An extensive body of publication deals with subcritical water extraction of bioactive compounds from food and non-food sources. However, this method has not been applied in the recovery of bioactive compounds from kānuka. In this research project, using subcritical water extraction to obtain bioactive extracts from kānuka leaves was investigated. Different operating conditions of temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio, and extraction time were tested to validate our hypothesis and select optimum extraction conditions. A hydrogen bond donor and acceptor interaction analysis was performed for a visual examination and a better understanding of the interaction of subcritical water and the target component (chapter 4). This was achieved through both -profile and -potential using COSMO-RS. Since this is the first report on this topic, phytochemical analyses and biological screenings were conducted to quantify and qualify the isolated bioactive components in the extract. These analyses were achieved via a variety of established spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Following this, a techno-economic and environmental impact assessment under those optimised conditions were conducted to check the economic feasibility of upscaling the process from lab-scale to industrial level. Another novelty in the research was the evaluation of the technology readiness level for subcritical water extraction. This aspect of research has not yet been recorded in the literature, even with the growing awareness in this technology. For all levels of investigations, the subcritical water extraction process was compared with conventional solvent extraction with ethanol. The findings from this research have proven that not only do water-based extracts of kānuka truly possess beneficial properties but also that, subcritical water extraction is more efficient than conventional ethanol extraction for recovering this high-value, bioactive kānuka extract. First, the phytochemical properties of extracts from subcritical water extraction were higher than those of ethanol extraction (over fortyfold higher), and this was achieved in a much shorter time without using an organic solvent. Next, the inhibition capacity of subcritical water extracts was significantly higher than the inhibition capacity of ethanol extracts and the minimum inhibition concentration of 50%, indicating a potent antioxidant activity from the subcritical water extracts. Similarly, potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were exhibited by subcritical water extracts during the biological screening studies. The extract profiling also revealed a higher yield of selected polyphenols in the kānuka extracts obtained at optimum conditions of subcritical water extraction compared to those from ethanol extraction, also at optimum conditions. Close examination of the results showed that the operating conditions had significant effects on extraction efficiency; these findings are discussed in detail within this thesis. The study has proven that vast untapped potentials abound in kānuka to produce high-value products. With the outcome of this research, the composition and bioactivity of kānuka leaf extract were better understood thus, can promote further studies of this indigenous plant and consequently, add value to and diversify the applications and products of the native New Zealand tree beyond current practices. More so, the potential of using subcritical water extraction to produce high-quality plant extracts from kānuka leaves has been confirmed and is supported by New Zealand’s global reputation of being pure and green and a source of quality produce. Finally, new income streams will be created, thereby increasing its value-added potential and contributing to Vision Mātauranga.
Natural Bioactive Compounds: Technological Advancements deals with the latest breakthroughs in the field of screening, characterization and novel applications of natural bioactive compounds from diverse group of organisms ranging from bacteria, viruses, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, bryophytes, higher plants, sponges, corals and fishes. Written by some of the most reputed scientists in the field, this book introduces the reader to strategies and methods in the search for bioactive natural products. It is an essential read for researchers and students interested in bioactive natural products, their biological and pharmacological properties, their possible use as chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents, and other future potential applications. Explores natural sources of bioactive compounds, including cyanobacteria, bacteria, viruses, fungi and higher plants Discusses the potential applications of biological products, such as their use in medicine (antibiotics, cancer research, immunology), as food additives, supplements and technological substances Analyzes the contributions of emerging or developing technologies for the study of bioactive natural compounds (characterization and purification)