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'This fascinating biography sets the record straight on a giant of the Labour movement... and contains many lessons for us today.' - Frances O' Grady, TUC General Secretary 'Like many trade unionists, Walter Citrine was crucial to my education. A major political figure of the 20th century, Citrine deserves the great biography that Jim Moher has given him.' - Alan Johnson, former Home Secretary and union leader The forgotten story of a Liverpool lad who rose from the squalor of Edwardian Merseyside's bustling docks to become the confidant of Churchill and Roosevelt as leader of Britain's trade unions during the Second World War. Walter Citrine's life spanned the late-nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries. During his leadership of the Trades Union Congress, the unions progressed from impotent grandstanding to effective lobbying, influencing governments and employers to transform deplorable working conditions and elevate the worker's place in society. Through Citrine's life, readers will revisit the key historical episodes in which his work was so influential - the General Strike of 1926, the 'Great Depression' of 1928-34, the rise of Hitler and Fascism, the challenge of Stalin and Communism, the Second World War and the reconstruction afterwards. At a time when trade unions are once again being consulted by governments on their plans to revive the economy, never has Citrine's story been so relevant.
Looking both at individual workers and the organizations that represent them, Reid shows how unions have, throughout the modern era, been a crucial element in British life, and that all governments have had to develop policies to deal with them.
The TUC Overseas (1986) traces the decisions made by the Trades Union Congress in response to domestic and external influences and events, from its establishment of a joint international committee with the Labour Party in 1917 to the first congress of the World Federation of Trade Unions in 1945. In this crucial period the TUC played a part in the establishment of the International Labour Organization and in the reconstitution of the International Federation of Trade Unions and the Labour and Socialist International after the Great War, in the rivalry with the Communist International and the Red International of Labour Unions, and in the reunification of the international trade union movement in the final years of the Second World War. This international framework and the Labour Party’s imperial policy are treated here in relation to the TUC’s work first in India and then in the colonies.
This book charts the turbulent history of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) from its foundation in 1913, to its dissolution in 1945. Established to protect and advance the interests of workers of all countries and to further international solidarity, the IFTU from the outset was beset by difficulties. Within a year the First World War split the fledgling organisation, underlining national interests and creating resentment between some of the most powerful union interests. Although these differences were patched up after the end of hostilities, the Revolution in Russia and rise of Soviet Communism, with own aspirations to leadership of international labour, soon created new tensions within the IFTU.
This book poses a major revisionist challenge to 20th century British labour history, aiming to look beyond the Marxist and Fabian exclusion of working class experience, notably religion and self-help, in order to exaggerate ‘labour movement’ class cohesion. Instead of a ‘forward march’ to secular state-socialism, the research presented here is devoted to a rich diversity of social movements and ideas. In this collection of essays, the editors establish the liberal-pluralist tradition, with the following chapters covering three distinct sections. Part One, ‘Other Forms of Association’ covers subjects such as trade unions, the Co-operative Party, women’s community activism and Protestant Nonconformity. Part Two, ‘Other Leaders’, covers employer Edward Cadbury; Trades Union Congress leader Walter Citrine; and the electricians’ leader, Frank Chapple. Part Three, ‘Other Intellectuals’, considers G.D.H. Cole, Michael Young and left libertarianism by Stuart White. Readers interested in the British Labour movement will find this an invaluable resource.
A pioneering study of Victorian and Edwardian fatherhood, investigating what being, and having, a father meant to working-class people. Based on working-class autobiography, the book challenges dominant assumptions about absent or 'feckless' fathers, and reintegrates the paternal figure within the emotional life of families. Locating autobiography within broader social and cultural commentary, Julie-Marie Strange considers material culture, everyday practice, obligation, duty and comedy as sites for the development and expression of complex emotional lives. Emphasising the importance of separating men as husbands from men as fathers, Strange explores how emotional ties were formed between fathers and their children, the models of fatherhood available to working-class men, and the ways in which fathers interacted with children inside and outside the home. She explodes the myth that working-class interiorities are inaccessible or unrecoverable, and locates life stories in the context of other sources, including social surveys, visual culture and popular fiction.
In the twentieth century, the British Crown appointed around a hundred thousand people - military and civilian - in Britain and the British Empire to honours and titles. For outsiders, and sometimes recipients too, these jumbles of letters are tantalizingly confusing: OM, MBE, GCVO, CH, KB, or CBE. Throughout the century, this system expanded to include different kinds of people, while also shrinking in its imperial scope with the declining empire. Through these dual processes, this profoundly hierarchical system underwent a seemingly counter-intuitive change: it democratized. Why and how did the British government change this system? And how did its various publics respond to it? This study addresses these questions directly by looking at the history of the honours system in the wider context of the major historical changes in Britain and the British Empire in the twentieth century. In particular, it looks at the evolution of this hierarchical, deferential system amidst democratization and decolonization. It focuses on the system's largest-and most important-components: the Order of the British Empire, the Knight Bachelor, and the lower ranks of other Orders. By creatively analysing the politics and administration of the system alongside popular responses to it in diaries, letters, newspapers, and memoirs, Tobias Harper shows the many different meanings that honours took on for the establishment, dissidents, and recipients. He also shows the ways in which the system succeeded and failed to order and bring together divided societies.
A stirring new biography of Vicente Lombardo Toledano, one of Latin America's most important labour leaders.