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Better water management will be crucial if we are to meet many of the key challenges of this century - feeding the worlds growing population and reducing poverty, meeting water and sanitation needs, protecting vital ecosystems, all while adapting to climate change. The approach known as Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is widely recognized as the best way forward, but is poorly understood, even within the water sector. Since a core IWRM principle is that good water management must involve the water users, the understanding and involvement of other sectors is critical for success. There is thus an urgent need for practical guidance, for both water and development professionals, based on real world examples, rather than theoretical constructs. That is what this book provides. Using case studies, the book illustrates how better water management, guided by the IWRM approach, has helped to meet a wide range of sustainable development goals. It does this by considering practical examples, looking at how IWRM has contributed, at different scales, from very local, village-level experiences to reforms at national level and beyond to cases involving trans-boundary river basins. Using these on-the-ground experiences, from both developed and developing countries in five continents, the book provides candid and practical lessons for policy-makers, donors, and water and development practitioners worldwide, looking at how IWRM principles were applied, what worked, and, equally important, what didn‘t work, and why. Published with the Global Water Partnership
Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead populations were once the world's largest. Before 1550, an estimated 16 million salmon and steelhead returned to the basin annually to spawn. Over the past 25 years, however, the number of salmon and steelhead returning to the Columbia River Basin has averaged around 660,000 per year, although annual population levels have varied widely. Various factors have contributed to the long-term decline including over-harvesting, the construction and operation of dams, the degradation of spawning habitat, increased human population, and unfavorable weather and ocean conditions. The population decline has resulted in the listing of 12 salmon and steelhead populations in the basin as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Once a species is listed as threatened or endangered, the ESA requires that efforts be taken to allow the species to recover. The Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is the lead agency responsible for the recovery of the threatened or endangered populations of Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead. The recovery of a species entails the development and implementation of a plan for the species' conservation and survival. The ESA also requires other federal agencies to consult with NMFS before they take any action that may jeopardize the continued existence of listed salmon or steelhead populations in the Columbia River Basin. You asked us to (1) identify the roles and responsibilities of the federal agencies involved with the recovery of Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead, (2) determine how much they have spent collectively on recovery efforts, and (3) determine what recovery actions they have undertaken and what they have accomplished.