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Canada's forests are home to well over many interactions and feedbacks in the life cycle of a 100 species of trees, of which 93 are commercially tree add to the complexity of climate change effects. [...] This Adaptation to climate change by modifying forest means that Canada is committed to maintaining forests management policies and practices can potentially and ecological processes in order to ensure that the reduce the vulnerability of some tree species to socio-economic and environmental benefits that are climate change. [...] The remainder of this section provides an overview of the major forest ecozones in Canada (Figure 1), the typical climate of these ecozones, and the major tree species that are present in each. [...] In general, tree species cannot rapidly invade provided an approach for determining the vulnerability new areas because of the time required for trees of tree species to climate change based on aspects of to grow to seed-bearing age and then produce and tree genetics2. [...] Landscape-scale effects of climate change and of interest as a means of predicting (in a general way) fire will be addressed in the next phase of the CCFM the effects of future fire regimes on species composi- project.
Forest managers can expect the unexpected and they can expect that change will be ongoing and unrelenting. Some general recommendations for beginning to address climate change in Canada's forest sector include enhancing the capacity to undertake integrated assessment of vulnerabilities to climate change at various scales; increasing resources to monitor the impacts of climate change; increasing resources for impacts and adaptation science; reviewing forest policies, forest planning, forest management approaches, and institutions to assess our ability to achieve social objectives under climate change; embedding principles of risk management and adaptive management into forest management; and maintaining or improving the capacity for communicating, networking, and information sharing with the Canadian public and within the forest sector."--Pub. website.
This dissertation aims to quantify the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of forest tree species to climate change in Canada and North America, with applications of guiding sustainable forest management through case studies focusing on Alberta. The general idea is that management interventions should focus on ecosystems, species or populations that are most likely to experience stress or mortality, or alternatively to focus on new forest management opportunities associated with warming climate conditions at high latitudes. The research addresses several specific problems at different spatial scales. The research starts at the broadest scale, for North America, with a remote-sensing based vulnerability assessment of forest ecosystems to historical droughts. One of the most striking findings was a very high spatial diversity of vegetation response to historical climate variability. Broad continental patterns of vegetation response are readily apparent and conform to expectations, with southern interior ecosystems being limited by water availability and boreal populations limited by short growing seasons. However, within these broad geographic trends in growth response, finer scale (and often contradictory) response patterns emerge. For example, across the western boreal forest local patches show populations restricted in growth by warm summer temperatures and drought. Next, a species-specific analysis investigates the adaptive capacity of an important boreal forest tree species, white spruce, using dendrochronological analysis. Results showed evidence for population differentiation in resistance and recovery parameters, but provenances conformed to approximately the same growth rates under drought conditions and had similar resilience metrics. The lack of populations with better growth rates under drought conditions is contrary to expectations for a wide-ranging species with distinct regional climate and we provide a counter example for drought tolerance traits, where assisted migration prescriptions may be ineffective to mitigate climate change impacts. An analysis of population response in the context of climatic conditions across Canada supports the view that northeastern Canada will provide a refugium for white spruce under climate change, while the species is sensitive to growth reductions under climate change in the western boreal. In a case study for Alberta, a comprehensive series of genetic test plantations was analyzed to determine the optimal climate niche of selected planting stock. The results suggest that seed transfers can improve growth in some cases. However, the climate change vector does not always align with geographic gradients, which makes finding well adapted seed sources difficult or impossible. This issue may partially be addressed by relying on additional silvicultural adaptation options to address climate change. The case study provides a methodological template of how jurisdictions can determine feasibility as well as magnitude and direction of assisted migration prescriptions to adapt their reforestation programs to new planting environments. When assisted migration is used to address climate change, tree seedlings may have to be moved to substantially colder environments in anticipation of climate warming over their life span. To assess the risk associated with moving planting stock north or to higher elevation, a climatic assessment of frost risk associated with assisted migration was performed. The results indicate that late spring and early fall frost risks do not change significantly for transfers toward the north. In contrast, moving planting stock toward higher elevation generally leads to a substantial increase in exposure to unseasonal frosts. In conclusion, transfers toward the north are preferable to transfers up in elevation in reforestation for the most important commercial tree species in western Canada that were evaluated in this study. Lastly, the research explores how results may be translated to management prescriptions through an on-line seed selection tool for forest managers to identify the overall best planting stock for a reforestation site, synthesizing multiple criteria including vulnerability, adaptive capacity and growth of species and genotypes.
The Canadian Prairies in a Changing Climate is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of climate change in the prairie provinces, the impacts on natural resources, communities, human health and sectors of the economy, and the adaptation options that are available for alleviating adverse impacts and taking advantage of new opportunities provided by a warmer climate.
Climate change is already affecting Canada's forests and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Impacts observed to date include changes in forest fire regimes, large-scale insect outbreaks, droughts in central Canada, severe windstorms in Atlantic Canada and shorter periods of frozen soil. Climate change will affect forest growth rates, the distribution of tree species, the rate of ecosystem processes and the ability to carry out forest operations. These impacts will in turn affect forest-dependent communities, often in ways similar to those already seen in the current industry downturn.
"Climate change is already affecting Canada's forests and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Impacts observed to date include changes in forest fire regimes, large-scale insect outbreaks, droughts in central Canada, severe windstorms in Atlantic Canada and shorter periods of frozen soil. Climate change will affect forest growth rates, the distribution of tree species, the rate of ecosystem processes and the ability to carry out forest operations. These impacts will in turn affect forest-dependent communities, often in ways similar to those already seen in the current industry downturn ...
This is the report of a workshop held to provide a forum for the exchange of information on both the expected impacts of climate change on Canada's western & northern forests, and potential adaptive strategies. Topics covered in presentations & poster sessions included climate change science and the implications of climate change for environmental, social, & economic values of the forest. Facilitated interactive sessions focussed on knowledge gaps, policy, and institutional barriers to adaptation, followed by suggestions for moving the climate change impacts & adaptation agenda forward in the forest sector.
Discusses current and future risks and opportunities that climate change presents to Canada, with a focus on human and managed systems. Based on analysis of existing knowledge.