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The book focuses on visual object tracking systems and approaches based on correlation filter and deep learning. Both foundations and implementations have been addressed. The algorithm, system design and performance evaluation have been explored for three kinds of tracking methods including correlation filter based methods, correlation filter with deep feature based methods, and deep learning based methods. Firstly, context aware and multi-scale strategy are presented in correlation filter based trackers; then, long-short term correlation filter, context aware correlation filter and auxiliary relocation in SiamFC framework are proposed for combining correlation filter and deep learning in visual object tracking; finally, improvements in deep learning based trackers including Siamese network, GAN and reinforcement learning are designed. The goal of this book is to bring, in a timely fashion, the latest advances and developments in visual object tracking, especially correlation filter and deep learning based methods, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested in the research and technology innovation in visual object tracking and related fields.
The book focuses on visual object tracking systems and approaches based on correlation filter and deep learning. Both foundations and implementations have been addressed. The algorithm, system design and performance evaluation have been explored for three kinds of tracking methods including correlation filter based methods, correlation filter with deep feature based methods, and deep learning based methods. Firstly, context aware and multi-scale strategy are presented in correlation filter based trackers; then, long-short term correlation filter, context aware correlation filter and auxiliary relocation in SiamFC framework are proposed for combining correlation filter and deep learning in visual object tracking; finally, improvements in deep learning based trackers including Siamese network, GAN and reinforcement learning are designed. The goal of this book is to bring, in a timely fashion, the latest advances and developments in visual object tracking, especially correlation filter and deep learning based methods, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested in the research and technology innovation in visual object tracking and related fields.
This book covers the description of both conventional methods and advanced methods. In conventional methods, visual tracking techniques such as stochastic, deterministic, generative, and discriminative are discussed. The conventional techniques are further explored for multi-stage and collaborative frameworks. In advanced methods, various categories of deep learning-based trackers and correlation filter-based trackers are analyzed. The book also: Discusses potential performance metrics used for comparing the efficiency and effectiveness of various visual tracking methods Elaborates on the salient features of deep learning trackers along with traditional trackers, wherein the handcrafted features are fused to reduce computational complexity Illustrates various categories of correlation filter-based trackers suitable for superior and efficient performance under tedious tracking scenarios Explores the future research directions for visual tracking by analyzing the real-time applications The book comprehensively discusses various deep learning-based tracking architectures along with conventional tracking methods. It covers in-depth analysis of various feature extraction techniques, evaluation metrics and benchmark available for performance evaluation of tracking frameworks. The text is primarily written for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, computer engineering, and information technology.
Visual object tracking (VOT) and face recognition (FR) are essential tasks in computer vision with various real-world applications including human-computer interaction, autonomous vehicles, robotics, motion-based recognition, video indexing, surveillance and security. This book presents the state-of-the-art and new algorithms, methods, and systems of these research fields by using deep learning. It is organized into nine chapters across three sections. Section I discusses object detection and tracking ideas and algorithms; Section II examines applications based on re-identification challenges; and Section III presents applications based on FR research.
Visual object tracking is a fundamental task in the field computer vision. Visual object tracking is widely used in numerous applications which include, but are not limited to video surveillance, image understanding, robotics, and human-computer interaction. In essence, visual object tracking is the problem of estimating the states/trajectory of the object of interest over time. Unlike other tasks such as object detection where the number of classes/categories are defined beforehand, the only available information of the object of interest is at the first frame. Even though, Deep Learning (DL) has revolutionised most computer vision tasks, visual object tracking still imposes several challenges. The nature of visual object tracking task is stochastic, where no prior-knowledge is available about the object of interest during the training or testing/inference. Moreover, visual object tracking is a class-agnostic task, as opposed object detection and segmentation tasks. In this thesis, the main objective is to develop and advance the visual object trackers using novel designs of deep learning frameworks and mathematical formulations. To take advantage of different trackers, a novel framework is developed to track moving objects based on a composite framework and a reporter mechanism. The composite framework has built-in trackers and user-defined trackers to track the object of interest. The framework contains a module to calculate the robustness for each tracker and a reporter mechanism serves as a recovery mechanism if trackers fail to locate the object of interest. Different trackers may fail to track the object of interest, thus, a more robust framework based on Siamese network architecture, namely DensSiam, is proposed to use the concept of dense layers and connects each dense layer in the network to all layers in a feed-forward fashion with a similarity-learning function. DensSiam also includes a Self-Attention mechanism to force the network to pay more attention to non-local features during offline training. Generally, Siamese trackers do not fully utilize semantic and objectness information from pre-trained networks that have been trained on an image classification task. To solve this problem a novel architecture design is proposed , dubbed DomainSiam, to learn a Domain-Aware that fully utilizes semantic and objectness information while producing a class-agnostic track using a ridge regression network. Moreover, to reduce the sparsity problem, we solve the ridge regression problem with a differentiable weighted-dynamic loss function. Siamese trackers have high speed and work in real-time, however, they lack high accuracy. To overcome this challenge, a novel dynamic policy gradient Agent-Environment architecture with Siamese network (DP-Siam) is proposed to train the tracker to increase the accuracy and the expected average overlap while running in real-time. DP-Siam is trained offline with reinforcement learning to produce a continuous action that predicts the optimal object location. One of the common design block in most object trackers in the literature is the backbone network, where the backbone network is trained in the feature space. To design a backbone network that maps from feature space to another space (i.e., joint-nullspace) and more suitable for object tracking and classification, a novel framework is proposed. The new framework is called NullSpaceNet has a clear interpretation for the feature representation and the features in this space are more separable. NullSpaceNet is utilized in object tracking by regularizing the discriminative joint-nullspace backbone network. The novel tracker is called NullSpaceRDAR, and encourages the network to have a representation for the target-specific information for the object of interest in the joint-nullspace. In contrast to feature space where objects from a specific class are categorized into one category however, it is insensitive to intra-class variations. Furthermore, we use the NullSpaceNet backbone to learn a tracker, dubbed NullSpaceRDAR, with a regularized discriminative joint-nullspace backbone network that is specifically designed for object tracking. In the regularized discriminative joint-nullspace, the features from the same target-specific are collapsed into one point in the joint-null space and different targetspecific features are collapsed into different points in the joint-nullspace. Consequently, the joint-nullspace forces the network to be sensitive to the variations of the object from the same class (intra-class variations). Moreover, a dynamic adaptive loss function is proposed to select the suitable loss function from a super-set family of losses based on the training data to make NullSpaceRDAR more robust to different challenges.
Visual object tracking is a fundamental computer vision task, and has a wide range of applications including video surveillance, human computer interaction, augmented reality, vehicle navigation, robotics, etc. In this dissertation, we focus on both developing robust tracking algorithms and creating benchmark datasets for evaluation and diagnosis purposes. First, to comprehensively investigate the effect of encoding color information for the visual tracking task, we develop 160 color-enhanced trackers and compile a dataset containing 128 color sequences for evaluation. We also provide detailed analysis of the results. Second, to deal with the problem that all of the current planar object tracking benchmarks are constructed in laboratory environments, we present a carefully designed planar object tracking benchmark contains 210 video sequences of 30 planar objects sampled in the wild. For each object, we shoot seven videos according to seven challenging factors. We annotate the ground truth in a semi-automatic manner to ensure the accuracy. We also evaluate two representative algorithms and provide detailed analysis of the results. Third, in order to incorporate the reliable prior knowledge that the target object in tracking must be an object other than non-object, we adapt the BING objectness measure to a specific tracking object with adaptive support vector machine. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive objectness, named ADOBING, is generic. The performance of all the carefully selected base trackers can be improved on two popular benchmarks. Fourth, we propose a blurred target tracking algorithm using group sparse representation which can capture the natural group structure among the templates. Based on the observation that the blur templates of the same direction have similar gradient distributions, we include gradient histograms in the appearance model to further boost the performance. The resulting non-smooth optimization problem is solved with an efficient algorithm based on accelerated proximal gradient scheme. Moving vehicle detection is an important prerequisite for multiple moving vehicle tracking in wide area motion imagery. Based on the motivation that there are usually a relatively large number of vehicles in several consecutive frames along the direction of the road, we present a novel temporal context (TC) feature to capture the road context without detecting road explicitly. We evaluate TC with the CLIF dataset, and the experimental results show that TC is useful to remove false positives which are not on the road.
With the increasing need for automated video analysis, visual object tracking became an important task in computer vision. Object tracking is used in a wide range of applications such as surveillance, human-computer interaction, medical imaging or vehicle navigation. A tracking algorithm in unconstrained environments faces multiple challenges : potential changes in object shape and background, lighting, camera motion, and other adverse acquisition conditions. In this setting, classic methods of background subtraction are inadequate, and more discriminative methods of object detection are needed. Moreover, in generic tracking algorithms, the nature of the object is not known a priori. Thus, off-line learned appearance models for specific types of objects such as faces, or pedestrians can not be used. Further, the recent evolution of powerful machine learning techniques enabled the development of new tracking methods that learn the object appearance in an online manner and adapt to the varying constraints in real time, leading to very robust tracking algorithms that can operate in non-stationary environments to some extent. In this thesis, we start from the observation that different tracking algorithms have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the context. To overcome the varying challenges, we show that combining multiple modalities and tracking algorithms can considerably improve the overall tracking performance in unconstrained environments. More concretely, we first introduced a new tracker selection framework using a spatial and temporal coherence criterion. In this algorithm, multiple independent trackers are combined in a parallel manner, each of them using low-level features based on different complementary visual aspects like colour, texture and shape. By recurrently selecting the most suitable tracker, the overall system can switch rapidly between different tracking algorithms with specific appearance models depending on the changes in the video. In the second contribution, the scene context is introduced to the tracker selection. We designed effective visual features, extracted from the scene context to characterise the different image conditions and variations. At each point in time, a classifier is trained based on these features to predict the tracker that will perform best under the given scene conditions. We further improved this context-based framework and proposed an extended version, where the individual trackers are changed and the classifier training is optimised. Finally, we started exploring one interesting perspective that is the use of a Convolutional Neural Network to automatically learn to extract these scene features directly from the input image and predict the most suitable tracker.
The visual recognition problem is central to computer vision research. From robotics to information retrieval, many desired applications demand the ability to identify and localize categories, places, and objects. This tutorial overviews computer vision algorithms for visual object recognition and image classification. We introduce primary representations and learning approaches, with an emphasis on recent advances in the field. The target audience consists of researchers or students working in AI, robotics, or vision who would like to understand what methods and representations are available for these problems. This lecture summarizes what is and isn't possible to do reliably today, and overviews key concepts that could be employed in systems requiring visual categorization. Table of Contents: Introduction / Overview: Recognition of Specific Objects / Local Features: Detection and Description / Matching Local Features / Geometric Verification of Matched Features / Example Systems: Specific-Object Recognition / Overview: Recognition of Generic Object Categories / Representations for Object Categories / Generic Object Detection: Finding and Scoring Candidates / Learning Generic Object Category Models / Example Systems: Generic Object Recognition / Other Considerations and Current Challenges / Conclusions
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