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Viewpoint-free photography, i.e., interactively controlling the viewpoint of a photograph after capture, is a standing challenge. In this thesis, we investigate algorithms to enable viewpoint-free photography for virtual reality (VR) from casual capture, i.e., from footage easily captured with consumer cameras. We build on an extensive body of work in image-based rendering (IBR). Given images of an object or scene, IBR methods aim to predict the appearance of an image taken from a novel perspective. Most IBR methods focus on full or near-interpolation, where the output viewpoints either lie directly between captured images, or nearby. These methods are not suitable for VR, where the user has significant range of motion and can look in all directions. Thus, it is essential to create viewpoint-free photos with a wide field-of-view and sufficient positional freedom to cover the range of motion a user might experience in VR. We focus on two VR experiences: 1) Seated VR experiences, where the user can lean in different directions. This simplifies the problem, as the scene is only observed from a small range of viewpoints. Thus, we focus on easy capture, showing how to turn panorama-style capture into 3D photos, a simple representation for viewpoint-free photos, and also how to speed up processing so users can see the final result on-site. 2) Room-scale VR experiences, where the user can explore vastly different perspectives. This is challenging: More input footage is needed, maintaining real-time display rates becomes difficult, view-dependent appearance and object backsides need to be modelled, all while preventing noticeable mistakes. We address these challenges by: (1) creating refined geometry for each input photograph, (2) using a fast tiled rendering algorithm to achieve real-time display rates, and (3) using a convolutional neural network to hide visual mistakes during compositing. Overall, we provide evidence that viewpoint-free photography is feasible from casual capture. We thoroughly compare with the state-of-the-art, showing that our methods achieve both a numerical improvement and a clear increase in visual quality for both seated and room-scale VR experiences.
With the advent of consumer-market Virtual Reality (VR) technology, the next revolution in visual entertainment is already on the horizon: real VR will enable us to experience live-action movies, sports broadcasts, concert videos, etc. in true visual (and aural) immersion. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the algorithms and methods that make it possible to immerse into real-world recordings. It brings together the expertise of internationally renowned experts from academia and industry who present the state of the art in this fascinating, interdisciplinary new research field. Written by and for scientists, engineers, and practitioners, this book is the definitive reference for anyone interested in finding out about how to import the real world into head-mounted displays.
While it has traditionally been seen as a means of documenting an external reality or expressing an internal feeling, photography is now capable of actualizing never-existed pasts and never-lived experiences. Thanks to the latest photographic technologies, we can now take photos in computer games, interpolate them in extended reality platforms, or synthesize them via artificial intelligence. To account for the most recent shifts in conceptualizations of photography, this book proposes the term virtual photography as a binding theoretical framework, defined as a photography that retains the efficiency and function of real photography (made with or without a camera) while manifesting these in an unfamiliar or noncustomary form.
The 2-volume set LNCS 12242 and 12243 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Computer Graphics, AVR 2020, held in Lecce, Italy, in September 2020.* The 45 full papers and 14 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 99 submissions. The papers discuss key issues, approaches, ideas, open problems, innovative applications and trends in virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, 3D reconstruction visualization, and applications in the areas of cultural heritage, medicine, education, and industry. * The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
With reference to traditional film theory and frameworks drawn from fields such as screenwriting studies and anthropology, this book explores the challenges and opportunities for both practitioners and viewers offered by the 360-degree storytelling form. It focuses on cinematic virtual reality (CVR), a format that involves immersive, high quality, live action or computer-generated imagery (CGI) that can be viewed through head mounted display (HMD) goggles or via online platforms such as YouTube. This format has surged in popularity in recent years due to the release of affordable high quality omnidirectional (360-degree) cameras and consumer grade HMDs. The book interrogates four key concepts for this emerging medium: immersion, presence, embodiment and proximity through an analysis of innovative case studies and with reference to practitioner interviews. In doing so, it highlights the specificity of the format and provides a critical account of practitioner approaches to the concept development, writing and realisation of short narrative CVR works. The book concludes with an account of the author’s practice-led research into the form, providing a valuable example of creative practice in the field of immersive media.
papers, illustrated with examples. They include wavelet bases, implicit functions de ned on a space grid, etc. It appears that a common pattern is the recovery of a controllable model of the scene, such that the resulting images can be edited (interaction). Changing the viewpoint is only one (important) aspect, but changing the lighting and action is equally important [2]. Recording and representing three-dimensional scenes is an emerging technology made possible by the convergence of optics, geometry and computer science, with many applications in the movie industry, and more generally in entertainment. Note that the invention of cinema (camera and projector) was also primarily a scienti c invention that evolved into an art form. We suspect the same thing will probably happen with 3-D movies. 3 Book Contents The book is composed of 12 chapters, which elaborate on the content of talks given at the BANFF workshop. The chapters are organized into three sections. The rst section presents an overview of the inter-relations between the art of cinemat- raphy and the science of image and geometry processing; the second section is devoted to recent developments in geometry; and the third section is devoted to recent developmentsin image processing. 3.1 3-D Cinematography and Applications The rst section of the book presents an overview of the inter-relations between the art of cinematography and the science of image and geometry processing.
A reference book on the art and techniques of virtual reality photography by one of the pioneers in the field, Scott Highton.The book includes sections on Photography Basics, Panoramic VR Imaging, Object VR Imaging, and Business Practices.Intended audience includes both professional and amateur photographers, as well as multimedia authors and designers.
This book is the publication of my PhD dissertation and is written in the corresponding style. The included research provides explorations and investigative reflections on Rollenwahrnehmung (a newly coined phrase meaning role perception/fulfillment), Perspective and Space through Virtual Reality (VR) game interfaces. A number of important topics will be addressed, like the creation of new experiences in the context of VR, the extension and new development of various interaction paradigms, various User Experience (UX) aspects and user guidance in a sophisticated new medium. Placed in the field of design practice, this research focuses on the creation of digital gaming artifacts, while extrapolating insights and guidelines concerning VR interfaces. Hence, this practice-based research is derived from a portfolio of specifically developed interactive artifacts, following the methodological approach of Constructive Design Research. These include the VR related games Nicely Dicely, LizzE - And the Light of Dreams and Gooze. They were used for various Lab experiments and Showroom presentations, while continually being refined throughout an iterative process. Nicely Dicely is an abstract game based on physics. In Local Multiplayer, up to four players are able to compete or collaborate. It is not a VR game per se, but features both, Monoscopic and 3D Stereoscopic Vision modes, which were tested in an experiment on their effect on Player Immersion. LizzE - And the Light of Dreams is a Singleplayer 3rd Person Hack and Slay game based in a fantasy universe. In an experiment, the game was used to primarily investigate in which ways 3rd Person VR games can work for a broad audience, regarding camera behavior. Gooze is a 1st Person VR puzzle game, taking place in a realistic horror environment with supernatural aspects. It was designed with diverse VR interaction technologies in mind and offers users different options to play the game, depending on available hardware and preferences. The Locomotion and Virtual Object Interaction mechanics were tested in an experiment regarding their UX. In summary, this book illustrates various game, interface and VR designs, informing the emerging field of VR game development of the relationship between UX, interfaces and gameplay. Furthermore, guidelines for designing and developing specific aspects of VR games were identified and each single artifact can be used as a design and development precedent for practice and academia.
Fundamentals of Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality presents a broad coverage of the technologies and interface design issues associated with wearable computers and augmented reality displays both rapidly developing fields in computer science, engineering, and human interface design. This book presents concepts related to the use and underlying technologies of augmented reality and wearable computer systems. There are many application areas for this technology, such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers will allow a much closer association of information with the user than is possible with traditional desktop computers. This book addresses an important aspect of wearable computers and augmented reality, either from the conceptual or from an application framework. Given the wide coverage of topics on issues related to the display of computer-generated images in the environment, this book can be used as a text for computer science, computer engineering, and interface design courses.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, SCIA 2011, held in Ystad, Sweden, in May 2011. The 74 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 140 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on multiple view geometry; segmentation; image analysis; categorization and classification; structure from motion and SLAM; medical and biomedical applications; 3D shape; medical imaging.