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The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.
This book brings together information on road planning, location, design, construction and maintenance to support environmentally acceptable operations in tropical forests. It highlights the challenges of road operations in the tropics, includes techniques that have been shown to be successful, and discusses newer technologies. Numerical examples are included to provide clarity for interpreting graphs, procedures, and formulas.
This book provides information concerning the costs of transportation on non-urban highways and the relationships between these costs and characteristics of highways such as surface roughness, and vertical and horizontal geometry. The sources of the information presented here are four major road user cost studies performed between 1970 and 1982 in Kenya, the Caribbean, Brazil, and India. In these studies road user costs were investigated in considerable depth. Surveys of commercial road users were performed, surveys on a far larger scale than had been conducted prior to the 1970s. Large scale experiments were undertaken, aimed at determining the fuel consumption of cars, buses and light and heavy goods vehicles under alternative highway conditions, and considerable effort was devoted to obtaining data on vehicle speeds and their responses to highway conditions. The resulting body of knowledge concerning road users' costs is enormous, spanning three continents, diverse highway conditions and radically different economic environments.