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The U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (RDECOM TARDEC) is currently developing a Vehicle Level Human Performance Model (VLHPM) as an advance design tool that can operate alone or in coordination with human research participants. This model has been used to reduce the number of participants necessary for testing vehicle capabilities, effective survivability measures, and joint operability and its functionality is being expanded for use in upcoming experiments. The VLHPM has benefited RDECOM by providing a portable alternative to human participant use, reducing development of prototypes, manpower costs and the need for training. This paper discusses the structure and capabilities of the model, architectural challenges of developing and integrating the model, and factors involved in testing and verifying the model.
Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.
The human factors profession is currently attempting to take a more proactive role in the design of man-machine systems than has been character istic of its past. Realizing that human engineering contributions are needed well before the experimental evaluation of prototypes or operational systems, there is a concerted effort to develop tools that predict how humans will interact with proposed designs. This volume provides an over view of one category of such tools: mathematical models of human performance. It represents a collection of invited papers from a 1988 NATO Workshop. The Workshop was conceived and organized by NATO Research Study Group 9 (RSG.9) on "Modelling of Human Operator Behaviour in Weapon Systems". It represented the culmination of over five years of effort, and was attended by 139 persons from Europe, Canada, and the United States. RSG.9 was established in 1982 by Panel 8 of the Defence Research Group to accomplish the following objectives: * Determine the utility and state of the art of human performance modelling. * Encourage international research and the exchange of ideas. * Foster the practical application of modelling research. * Provide a bridge between the models and approaches adopted by engineers and behavioral scientists. * Present the findings in an international symposium.
The military has identified Human Performance Modeling (HPM) as a significant requirement and challenge of future systems modeling and analysis initiatives as can be seen in the Department of Defense's (DoD) Defense Modeling and Simulation Office's (DMSO) Master Plan (DoD 5000.59-P 1995). To this goal, the military is currently spending millions of dollars on programs devoted to HPM in various military contexts. Examples include the Human Performance Modeling Integration (HPMI) program within the Air Force Research Laboratory, which focuses on integrating HPMs with constructive models of systems (e.g. cockpit simulations) and the Navy's Human Performance Center (HPC) established in September 2003. Nearly all of these initiatives focus on the interface between humans and a single system. This is insufficient in the era of highly complex network centric SoS. This report presents research and development in the area of HPM in a system-of-systems (SoS). Specifically, this report addresses modeling soldier fatigue and the potential impacts soldier fatigue can have on SoS performance.
The use of modeling and simulation (M&S) is pervasive throughout military establishments. M and S tools are used to support the development and acquisition of new systems, to evaluate existing operational plans, to develop new war-fighting concepts, and to train tactics. This report examines the requirements for human performance modeling within the military, assesses the state of the practice in current operational models, documents ongoing human performance research and development (R and D) projects, identifies shortfalls in the competence of available models, and recommends a roadmap of research to eliminate these shortfalls.
Based on the research activities of the six-year NASA human performance modeling project, Human Performance Modeling in Aviation provides an in-depth look at cognitive modeling of human operators for aviation problems. This book presents specific solutions to aviation safety problems and explores methods for integrating human performance modeling into the aviation design process. The text compares the application of five different models to two classes of aviation problems: pilot navigation errors during airport taxi operations and approach and landing performance with synthetic vision systems. This results in a comprehensive summary of the capabilities of each model and of the field in general.
Human Factors and Simulation Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022), July 24–28, 2022, New York, USA
The rapid introduction of sophisticated computers, services, telecommunications systems, and manufacturing systems has caused a major shift in the way people use and work with technology. It is not surprising that computer-aided modeling has emerged as a promising method for ensuring products meet the requirements of the consumer. The Handbook of Digital Human Modeling provides comprehensive coverage of the theory, tools, and methods to effectively achieve this objective. The 56 chapters in this book, written by 113 contributing authorities from Canada, China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Taiwan, UK, and the US, provide a wealth of international knowledge and guidelines. They cover applications in advanced manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, data visualization and simulation, defense and military systems, design for impaired mobility, healthcare and medicine, information systems, and product design. The text elucidates tools to help evaluate product and work design while reducing the need for physical prototyping. Additional software and demonstration materials on the CRC Press web site include a never-before-released 220-page step-by-step UGS-Siemens JackTM help manual developed at Purdue University. The current gap between capability to correctly predict outcomes and set expectation for new and existing products and processes affects human-system performance, market acceptance, product safety, and satisfaction at work. The handbook provides the fundamental concepts and tools for digital human modeling and simulation with a focus on its foundations in human factors and ergonomics. The tools identified and made available in this handbook help reduce the need for physical prototyping. They enable engineers to quantify acceptability and risk in design in terms of the human factors and ergonomics.
The Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory developed a model of the tasks and workload associated with driving a ground vehicle. The human performance modeling tool, Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT), was used to simulate the driving tasks. Perception, cognition, and motor control were represented in the IMPRINT driving model. Human processing, attention, and response were simulated as concurrent discrete events. Subsequently, the driving model was incorporated into other IMPRINT models used to investigate crew size and function allocation in Future Combat Systems (FCS) conceptual ground vehicles. Driving is a primary crew function in FCS ground vehicles. The results of this study indicated that a dedicated driver was recommended in combat vehicles. In all configurations tested, the driver was consistently the crew member with the highest workload. As expected, results of simulation runs were consistent with research on driving and distraction. Structural and output validation of the model was completed through literature review. Driving by itself is a high mental workload function. The human processing capacity is fully engaged in tasks when one is driving, with the primary load being in perception and cognition. Literature shows that performance will start to degrade if additional tasks are attempted during driving, especially if the tasks are highly perceptual or cognitive. This model provides a reasonably simple way to represent the driving function and can be used for investigating any system where driving is important. For FCS, this will include direct driving and teleoperations. Several additional validation studies are planned.