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Introduction to vegetative tree propagation. Concepts and principles. Clone selection and collection. Tree nurseries. Nursery management and seedling production. Phytosanitation. Cuttings. Grafting. Layering. Micropropagation. Propagation experiments. Design and management of experiments.
Tree improvement is achieved by clonal selection due to improvements in vegetative propagation techniques. The clonal propagation offers higher genetic gain than that is possible with seed propagation. The clonal technology facilitates rapid selection of outstanding genotypes from the clonal stocks of candidate trees for the exploitation of heterosis. The literature available on vegetative propagation is very extensive and not easily accessible. Hence this book attempts to consolidate the different aspects involved in the vegetative propagation of trees. The importance of vegetative propagation for tree improvement is discussed in the chapter 1. The knowledge of genetic variation of the forest populations is important in determining the efficiency of different selection procedures, therefore the criteria for the selection of superior tree is discussed in the chapter 2. The production of quality seedlings for better survival and growth after transplanting ultimately required better potting media and the chapter 3 gives meticulous information about this aspect. The function and practical application of different plant growth regulators is discussed in chapter 4. Production of large quantities of superior propagules is the great thrust in production forestry and hence the various propagation methods, structures, and hardwares for accelerating the process of production of superior clones is briefly discussed in the chapters 5, 6 and 7. The chapter 8 and 9 gives an account of various pest and diseases affecting the forest trees and their control measures. The successful vegetative propagation methods developed for the economically important trees is dealt in chapter 10. The chapter 11 includes the revolutionary works made through the tissue culture techniques by the induction of genetic variability through somatic hybridisation, induction of mutants, and DNA recombinant technology. Thus this book will serve the need of the students and the researchers studying/working in the field of forestry.
Micropropagation has become a reliable and routine approach for large-scale rapid plant multiplication, which is based on plant cell, tissue and organ culture on well defined tissue culture media under aseptic conditions. A lot of research efforts are being made to develop and refine micropropagation methods and culture media for large-scale plant multiplication of several number of plant species. However, many forest and fruit tree species still remain recalcitrant to in vitro culture and require highly specific culture conditions for plant growth and development. The recent challenges on plant cell cycle regulation and the presented potential molecular mechanisms of recalcitrance are providing excellent background for understanding on totipotency and what is more development of micropropagation protocols. For large-scale in vitro plant production the important attributes are the quality, cost effectiveness, maintenance of genetic fidelity, and long-term storage. The need for appropriate in vitro plant regeneration methods for woody plants, including both forest and fruit trees, is still overwhelming in order to overcome problems facing micropropagation such as somaclonal variation, recalcitrant rooting, hyperhydricity, polyphenols, loss of material during hardening and quality of plant material. Moreover, micropropagation may be utilized, in basic research, in production of virus-free planting material, cryopreservation of endangered and elite woody species, applications in tree breeding and reforestation.
Domestication. Perspectives on the evolutionary history of tree crops. The basis of selection, management and evaluation of multipurpose trees - an overview. Forest tree breeding and fruit tree breeding: strategies, achievements and constraints. Strategies for optimizing the yield of tree crops in suboptimal environments. Tree growth at cool temperaturea and prospects for improvement by breeding. The ideotype concept applied to forest trees. Definition and exploitation of forest tree ideotypes in Finland. The capacity for vegetative propagation in trees. The vegetative structure. Biometrical, structural and physiological relationships among tree parts. Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. Forest productivity in relation to carbon partitioning and nutrient cycling: a mathematical model. Prospects for manipulating vascular-cambium productivity and xylem-cell differentiation. Branching, crown structure and the control of timber production. Trees as producers of exudates and extractives. Trees as producers of fuel. Trees as fodder crops. Roots, symbionts and soils. Roots as a component of tree productivity. Improving tree crops using micro-organisms in designed systems. Trees as soil improvers in the humid tropics?. Exploiting tree crop-symbiont specificity. Flowering and fruiting. Promotion of flowering in the crops: different mechanisms and techniques, with special reference to conifers. Variability in flower initiation in forest trees. Reproduction behaviour of fruit tree crops and its implications for the manipulation of fruit set. Some attributes of nut-bearing trees of temperate forest origin. Trees in stands. Future fruit orchard design: economics and biology. Transpiration and assimilation of tree and agricultural crops: the 'omega factor'. The competition process in forest stands. Forest canopy design: biological models and management implications. Future forest design: economic aspects. Wood properties, and future requirements for wood products.
This textbook is one of the finest books on agroforestry that offers a global review of the approaches, tools and technologies, research innovations and real-world practices in agroforestry. The book offers a comprehensive guide to basic principles, techniques and applications, integrative strategies, economic and environmental concerns, and future trends in agroforestry in different regions of the world. It will help all scientists, students, professors, farmers, foresters, decision-makers, and politicians who wish to build a safe land use system for food, energy and better environment for future generations. This textbook will enormously benefit the students for their preparation of competitive exams like UPSC-Civil Services, UPSC-Indian Forest Service, ICAR-ARS Scientist/NET Exam, ICFRE Forestry Scientist Exam, State Public Service Commission Exams and University Entrance Exam for admission to M.Sc. and Ph.D. programmes.