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Adolescent substance abuse treatment has continually demonstrated effectiveness within the existing literature. Consequently, individuals who prematurely terminate substance abuse services have demonstrated less favorable chances of experiencing the positive outcomes that have been associated with treatment retention. Despite the well documented positive treatment outcomes, the overall rates of premature termination continue to remain at significantly high levels especially among the African American population. Researcher have advocated for an increase in research that examines treatment related factors and needs of minority substance abusing adolescents (Longshore, Grills, Annon, & Grady, 1998; Wagner, 2003). Using Andersen's (1995) behavioral model of health care use, the current study investigated selected client and treatment related variables which influenced the degree to which African American adolescents complete or do not complete (premature termination non-completers) non-detoxification ambulatory outpatient substance abuse treatment. This study was conducted using a modified multilevel modeling design based on quantitative inferential statistics. Four levels of inferential statistical analysis were conducted: (1) discriminant function model development, (2) alternative confirmation, (3) extended cross validation of the discriminant function model, and (4) post hoc analysis. Research samples were obtained retrospectively from the 2008 Treatment Episode Dataset using a systematic stratified random sampling procedure. Statistical findings indicate that length of stay, substance use severity, education and age are significant variables which resulted in final discriminant model development and can be used to predict treatment completion status among African American adolescents in outpatient substance abuse severity. This finding was confirmed using a two-group K-Means cluster analysis. Moreover, through an extended cross validation approach, the discriminant function model consistently demonstrated effectiveness at accurately classifying treatment completion status to a significant degree. The post-hoc analysis concluded that differences between rapid, median and near-term premature termination non-completers were not significant using the .05 alpha, however results were approaching significance. The clinical implications for policy, treatment, and social work practice were discussed in relationship to substance abuse treatment strategies for prevention and early intervention of premature termination from substance abuse treatment among the African American adolescent population. Additionally future recommendations for research within the area of premature termination are provided. -- Abstract.
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Treating Drug Problems, Volume 2 presents a wealth of incisive and accessible information on the issue of drug abuse and treatment in America. Several papers lay bare the relationship between drug treatment and other aspects of drug policy, including a powerful overview of twentieth century narcotics use in America and a unique account of how the federal government has built and managed the drug treatment system from the 1960s to the present. Two papers focus on the criminal justice system. The remaining papers focus on Employer policies and practices toward illegal drugs. Patterns and cycles of cocaine use in subcultures and the popular culture. Drug treatment from a marketing, supply-and-demand perspective, including an analysis of policy options. Treating Drug Problems, Volume 2 provides important information to policy makers and administrators, drug treatment specialists, and researchers.
This book is dedicated to the prevention, treatment, and recovery of African Americans with substance use disorders. African Americans are disproportionately represented in the addictions, criminal justice, and child welfare systems. It is clear that, when their culturally specific needs are not met, they are vulnerable to continuous relapse and the revolving door syndrome. There has been little written that focuses exclusively on prevention, treatment, and recovery among African Americans. This book was written to fill this gap. It is an important contribution to the field of behavioral health, providing a much-needed treasure trove of important knowledge from specialists, including physicians, psychologists, educators, social workers, addictions counselors, public health specialists, researchers, the clergy, as well as individuals in recovery. This volume adds significantly to the knowledge base of practitioners and researchers whose work focuses on prevention, treatment, and recovery in African American communities. This book was originally published as a special issue of Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly.
With its roots in clinical and educational psychology, school psychology is an ever-changing field that encompasses a diversity of topics. The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology synthesizes the most vital and relevant literature in all of these areas, producing a state-of-the-art, authoritative resource for practitioners, researchers, and parents. Comprising chapters authored by the leading figures in school psychology, The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology focuses on the significant issues, new developments, and scientific findings that continue to change the practical landscape. The handbook's focuses include: - allegiance to the reciprocal relationship between science and practice to promote problem-solving and enrichment models - service delivery designed to improve competencies of all students - the relationship between general cognitive ability and important life outcomes - the development of viable and enduring educational, family, and community systems to support students - increasing student diversity and the necessity of increased sensitivity to the influences of social, cultural, political, and legislative variables of schooling - outlining tenable reasons why, since the end of World War II, children from kindergarten through the secondary grades have generally not been the recipients of a superior or efficient educational system - all relevant legislation, including the No Child Left Behind Act, and the ongoing question of who or what is responsible for the inadequate academic preparation of inner-city children - building a cumulative knowledge base to better facilitate students' academic, social, and personal competencies including the promotion of positive mental health and subjective well-being The scholarship compiled here is a must-read for practitioners, students, and faculty, and an ideal resource for parents seeking a scientific approach to the efficacy of school psychology practices. In both breadth and depth, this handbook promises to serve as the benchmark reference work for years to come.
Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.
The present study investigated the utility of self-efficacy measures to predict successful completion of treatment for poly-drug addiction in a sample of African American and White subjects of low socioeconomic status. A multi-component questionnaire packet containing a demographic portion, five open-ended intake questions, a 39-question intake self-efficacy questionnaire (SEQI), and a repeated 39-question discharge self-efficacy questionnaire (SEQD). The 39 items of the self-efficacy scale had an item-total correlation ranging from. 58 to. 81. Cronbach's alpha was. 98. Test-retest reliability was high with r (46) =.612. The adapted instrument showed internal consistency and reliability equal to or even slightly greater than the one from which it was developed. Association between self-efficacy scores and successful completion was significant, t (69) = $-$1.90, p =.030. When subgroups of clients were analyzed based on ethnic background and gender, only Caucasians, t (28) = $-$1.77, p =.044, and Caucasian males, t (18) = $-$1.84, p =.041, showed a significant association between self-efficacy scores and successful completion. No significant association was found for African Americans combined or by gender subgroups. Analysis of variants revealed no significant association between the self-efficacy variables and type of program or completer status, F (1,44) =.31; p =.579. The overall negative change in mean self-efficacy scores from intake to discharge was significant, F (1,44) = 19.66, $p