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The water balance equation is one of the most fundamental concepts in hydrology. How much precipitation a river basin receives, and where that water goes, defines what flora, fauna, and industry the basin can support. Models for solving this equation originally relied only on precipitation, air temperature, and day length, but have adapted as new data becomes available. Recent advances in technology, especially remote sensing and web services, make it cheaper and easier than ever to obtain hydrological data, including many variables that were previously impossible to measure. This thesis will examine the water balance of the San Marcos River Basin and demonstrate how remote sensing and web services can improve our understanding of the basin's hydrology. It was found that 72% of precipitation in the San Marcos Basin is lost to evapotranspiration. This percentage varies from year to year as a function of precipitation, but the annual volume of evapotranspiration stays almost constant. It was only during the second consecutive year of drought that there was an appreciable change in evapotranspiration. This suggests that annual evapotranspiration can be thought of as a property inherent to a watershed's hydrology, and so long as there is enough stored water in the soil, that demand will be met. The water left over after ET takes its share can either flow out of the basin through a river channel or stay within the basin as storage. After examining methods for partitioning the available water between outflow and storage, it was found that lumped water balance models cannot be used in the San Marcos River Basin because of its complex interactions with the Edwards Aquifer. In order to better model soil moisture dynamics and groundwater infiltration, a distributed model will have to be developed that accounts for flow in and out of the aquifer.
This book is a collection of overview articles showing how space-based observations, combined with hydrological modeling, have considerably improved our knowledge of the continental water cycle and its sensitivity to climate change. Two main issues are highlighted: (1) the use in combination of space observations for monitoring water storage changes in river basins worldwide, and (2) the use of space data in hydrological modeling either through data assimilation or as external constraints. The water resources aspect is also addressed, as well as the impacts of direct anthropogenic forcing on land hydrology (e.g. ground water depletion, dam building on rivers, crop irrigation, changes in land use and agricultural practices, etc.). Remote sensing observations offer important new information on this important topic as well, which is highly useful for achieving water management objectives.Over the past 15 years, remote sensing techniques have increasingly demonstrated their capability to monitor components of the water balance of large river basins on time scales ranging from months to decades: satellite altimetry routinely monitors water level changes in large rivers, lakes and floodplains. When combined with satellite imagery, this technique can also measure surface water volume variations. Passive and active microwave sensors offer important information on soil moisture (e.g. the SMOS mission) as well as wetlands and snowpack. The GRACE space gravity mission offers, for the first time, the possibility of directly measuring spatio-temporal variations in the total vertically integrated terrestrial water storage. When combined with other space observations (e.g. from satellite altimetry and SMOS) or model estimates of surface waters and soil moisture, space gravity data can effectively measure groundwater storage variations. New satellite missions, planned for the coming years, will complement the constellation of satellites monitoring waters on land. This is particularly the case for the SWOT mission, which is expected to revolutionize land surface hydrology. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 37, No. 2, 2016
Because of remote sensing, there has never been a greater abundance of data applicable to hydrologic science, even as traditional water monitoring data has declined. Unfortunately, the quantity of available data has increased exponentially, organizing data sources, understanding data uncertainty and putting them to good use remains challenging. This work describes one such attempt in three parts. First a river surface height dataset was created, the global river radar altimetry time series (GRRATS). GRRATS has similar accuracy to existing datasets, while conforming to data management and stewardship best practices. Second, a 1 km daily river channel water storage (CWS) change dataset was created by adding river widths from Landsat and interpolating missing data. As of this writing, it is the only dataset of this kind, at this resolution, that is publicly available. It was found that mainstem CWS variability represents a disproportionate amount of basin-wide terrestrial water storage variability (median 2.24%, range 0.03-13.01% across world rivers) within just 0.2% of basin area. Additionally, two global river routing schemes coupled with land surface models reasonably approximate CWS (within ±50%) in only 11.5 % and 30.7 % of rivers considered (CaMa-Flood, and HyMap respectively). Third, river storage with other components of the water balance (including remotely sensed lake water storage (LWS)) were combined in the Mississippi and Mackenzie basins, and demonstrate that storage to iii storage (snow water equivalent to LWS) dynamics can be as important in the Mackenzie basin, as input and output fluxes. Seeing the water balance with this much detail was only made possible with the recent availability of surface water measurements like LWS and CWS. Together, these chapters demonstrate the power, and limitations of global scale hydrology driven by remote sensing.
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology" that was published in Water
Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is an outcome of the AGU Chapman Conference held in February 2012. This is a comprehensive volume that examines the use of available remote sensing satellite data as well as data from future missions that can be used to expand our knowledge in quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in the terrestrial water cycle. Volume highlights include: - An in-depth discussion of the global water cycle - Approaches to various problems in climate, weather, hydrology, and agriculture - Applications of satellite remote sensing in measuring precipitation, surface water, snow, soil moisture, groundwater, modeling, and data assimilation - A description of the use of satellite data for accurately estimating and monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle - Discussion of the measurement of multiple geophysical variables and properties over different landscapes on a temporal and a regional scale Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is a valuable resource for students and research professionals in the hydrology, ecology, atmospheric sciences, geography, and geological sciences communities.
The book provides comprehensive information on possible applications of remote sensing data for hydrological monitoring and modelling as well as for water management decisions. Mathematical theory is provided only as far as it is necessary for understanding the underlying principles. The book is especially timely because of new programs and sensors that are or will be realised. ESA, NASA, NASDA as well as the Indian and the Brazilian Space Agency have recently launched satellites or developed plans for new sensor systems that will be especially pertinent to hydrology and water management. New techniques are presented whose structure differ from conventional hydrological models due to the nature of remotely sensed data.
This publication presents the results of an international workshop which was organized in Montpellier, France, in December 1995. The purpose of the workshop was to review the state of the art in the use of remote sensing for water resources assessment and management with special reference to operational techniques. Emphasis was given to surface hydrology, with applications for arid and semi-arid areas in developing countries for which such techniques are believed to be of particular relevance. Cette publication presente les resultats d'un atelier international qui a ete organise a Montpellier en decembre 1995 sur le theme ''Teledetection et ressources en eaux''. L'objectif de cet atelier etait de faire le point sur les techniques et methodes operationnelles d'utilisation de la teledetection pour l'evaluation et la gestion des ressources en eaux. L'accent a ete mis sur l'hydrologie de surface et sur des exemples d'application pratique de ces methodes. L'atelier s'est interesse tout particulierement aux problemes des pays arides et semi-arides en developpement pour lesquels ces techniques peuvent representer un atout important."