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With the emphasis firmly on the practical side, this book examines every aspect of the use of training aids in all types of situations. The whole range of training aids is examined here -- both high-tech and tried-and-true -- along with full explanations of what they are, how to use them to greatest effect, why and when to use them, and what supportive activities are required.
While the military have enjoyed certain advantages in the development of their training programs they have also operated under certain limitations caused by the necessity of building one of the largest military establishments in the world within 4 years. The Services have been faced with the need of adjusting their training programs to constantly changing conditions of warfare and the rapidly developing techniques of war making. What has been the fundamental planning approach which the Services have adopted in order to take advantage of the favorable conditions under which they have operated to offset in so far as possible the limiting conditions? The training programs of the Services have been based upon three points of approach: (1) The utilization of the most modern scientific testing and classification procedures whereby the skills and aptitudes of each serviceman are determined and used as a basis for this assignment to duty and to training; (2) The utilization of scientific job and operations analyses as the bases for curriculum building; and (3) The utilization of the tools and procedures of experiential learning to the utmost degree, as especially exemplified in the widespread use of training aids including audio-visual aids. The integration and correlation of these three basic procedures are in many ways the most interesting and thought-provoking aspect of military training. This review of the bases for the training programs of the Services is not to be construed as implying that the Army and Navy have neglected general training for those personal qualities which go to make a good soldier or sailor, or for leadership for those in responsible positions. The Committee has been interested for the most part, however, in those programs of "job training" in which training aids and devices have been principally used. A bibliography is included. Individual sections contain footnotes. [Best copy available has been provided.].
There is a need to augment existing Army training approaches to address the differential rates and stages of learning evidenced among Soldiers. One way to easily modify existing training approaches is to make adjunct training aids available to trainers for use when appropriate. The fact that basic combat skills represent a heterogeneous skill set and are trained to Soldiers with large variability in skills and knowledge suggests that training aids may have a significant impact when used to train basic skills. This report describes a training-aid development process and provides a brief summary of training aids produced: a set of 200-meter zero targets, two aids to assist in the marksmanship zero process, material to reinforce and practice grid-coordinate skill, and a video capture and playback system. An assessment was conducted for each prototype training aid to determine its training value and to gain feedback for possible revisions. Each training aid contributed to enhanced Soldier performance. Details on the design, development, and assessment for each of the prototypes are provided in separate reports.
Practical in tone, yet firmly based on sound theoretical foundations, the book clearly shows how evaluation can and should be applied before, during and after training Guidelines are suggested, methods described and practical, tried and tested, resources detailed. Structured to allow trainers to develop evaluation models that are ideally suited to their individual needs, this definitive handbook gives practical advice on all aspects of training evaluation, including knowledge tests and the use of ranking scales; behaviour observation and self-reporting; the use of questionnaires; interim evaluation; the evaluation of open and distance learning programmes; and cost and value effectiveness.