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Keywords: hemlock woolly adelgid, invasive species, contingent valuation, bioeconomic valuation.
Biological invasions are one of the strongest drivers of global environmental change, and invasive species are now often in the public discourse. At the same time, economists have begun to take a real interest in determining how invasive species interact with economic systems, and how invaders should be controlled to optimize societal wealth. Although the work from ecologists and economists have both greatly expanded our understanding of the drivers and impacts of invasions, little integration between the fields has occurred that would allow managers and policy-makers to identify the optical expenditures on, for example, prevention and control of invasive species. Because the level of effort expended on invasive species management is intricately linked to the costs and projected benefits of that management, there is an urgent need for greater synthesis between ecology and economics. This book brings ecology and economics together in new ways to address how we deal with the dynamics and impacts of invasive species, and is the outcome fo many years of collaborative research between a small group of economists and ecologists. The outcome is clear demonstration of the utility of combining ecological and economic models for addressing critical questions in the management of invasive species.
Risk analysis of species invasions links biology and economics, is increasingly mandated by international and national policies, and enables improved management of invasive species. Biological invasions proceed through a series of transition probabilities (i.e., introduction, establishment, spread, and impact), and each of these presents opportunities for management. Recent research advances have improved estimates of probability and associated uncertainty. Improvements have come from species-specific trait-based risk assessments (of estimates of introduction, establishment, spread, and impact probabilities, especially from pathways of commerce in living organisms), spatially explicit dispersal models (introduction and spread, especially from transportation pathways), and species distribution models (establishment, spread, and impact). Results of these forecasting models combined with improved and cheaper surveillance technologies and practices [e.g., environmental DNA (eDNA), drones, citizen science] enable more efficient management by focusing surveillance, prevention, eradication, and control efforts on the highest-risk species and locations. Bioeconomic models account for the interacting dynamics within and between ecological and economic systems, and allow decision makers to better understand the financial consequences of alternative management strategies. In general, recent research advances demonstrate that prevention is the policy with the greatest long-term net benefit.
This topical and engaging Handbook brings together cutting-edge research on the relationship between happiness and the natural environment. With interdisciplinary contributions from top scholars, it explores the role of happiness research as a new approach to environmental social science, illustrating the critical links between human wellbeing, happiness and the environment.
In 2003, the U.S. Dept. of Ag. initiated the Program of Research on the Econ. of Invasive Species Mgmt. (PREISM) to examine the economics of managing invasive pests in increasingly global ag. markets. Invasive species are defined to include any vertebrate, invertebrate, weed, fungus, plant disease, livestock disease, or other organism that meets the following criteria: Is non-native, alien, or exotic to the ecosystem where it exists or potentially could be introduced -- incl. ag., range, and forest ecosystems; and when introduced, causes, or is likely to cause, economic or environ. harm. PREISM¿s will build a high-quality, multidisciplinary research program to provide analytically based principles, guidelines, and criteria for invasive species policy. Ill.
Under the Program of Research on the Economics of Invasive Species Management (PREISM), the U.S. Department of Agriculture¿s (USDA) Economic Research Service (ERS) conducts intramural research and funds extramural research to support the economic basis of decision-making concerning invasive species issues, policies, and programs. This report details the objectives and activities of PREISM including important accomplishments for fiscal years 2003-2011. Included are descriptions of the extramural research program and all funded projects, and a list of project outputs. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.
This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.
Like many natural resource and environmental issues, controlling pest species requires both economic and ecological considerations. Economic considerations revolve around comparing costs and benefits in an attempt to determine optimal economic activity. Especially critical in natural resource and environmental applications is recognizing the role of uncertainty as well as interconnections within economic markets. Ecological considerations provide a more robust account of the direct and indirect impact of economic activity on the natural world. An integrated approach to pest species management recognizes that the economic system influences and responds to ecosystems and vice-versa. The integration of these two disciplines creates a bioeconomic system, often uncovering critical feedback loops which better inform policy. The purpose of this research is to employ integrated bioeconomic models to investigate economic policies aimed at controlling invasive species and destructive forest pests. Specifically, three essays are developed which focus on various policy issues that arise when integrated bioeconomic models are used to craft policies of invasive species and forest pest management. The first essay develops an optimal stopping/optimal control framework to address the control of a biological invader. In this framework, control of the invader is treated as an uncertain and irreversible investment in which timing and degree of investment are simultaneously considered. Invasive species range is assumed to evolve according to a geometric Brownian motion process. Using a real options framework, an analytical solution for the optimal stopping threshold is provided. This threshold is then employed as a constraint in a minimization problem which determines the optimal rate of invasive species spread which minimizes damages and control costs. The result is an invasive species policy which is optimized over both time and degree of control. The second essay extends the optimal stopping/optimal control framework developed in essay one by allowing for barriers which may limit future spread of the invasive species. In this way, essay two recognizes that optimal invasive species policies require the consideration of spatial factors which are not readily incorporated into traditional optimal stopping models. Results indicate that inclusion of an upper absorbing barrier on invasive species spread may dramatically alter invasive species policy under certain circumstances. The framework developed in this essay is applied to the current invasion of emerald ash borer in the United States. Results illustrate the presence of a spatial-dynamic externality which leads to invasive species control decisions that may be suboptimal from a social perspective. The third essay develops a bioeconomic timber harvesting model to analyze how harvesting decisions made at localized and centralized levels influence mountain pine beetle populations and dynamics. Because mountain pine beetle and pine forests interact according to a predator-prey relationship, the risk of forest damage arising from mountain pine beetle mortality is endogenous in nature. Essentially, timber harvesting creates a positive production externality which limits mountain pine beetle populations and dampens natural cycles of the pest. However, dispersal of mountain pine beetle forces localized managers to treat mountain pine beetle risk as exogenous. As a result, localized managers ignore the positive production externality, resulting in a suboptimal harvest of live trees. A central manager, who considers the forest across its entire range, will optimally incorporate this positive production externality, resulting in increased levels of timber harvesting, subsequently reducing mountain pine beetle mortality. A dynamic harvest subsidy is developed which allows localized forest managers to fully incorporate this production externality and achieve welfare maximizing harvest levels.
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