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With the landfill tax and the introduction of a tax on the use of primary aggregates, increasing financial pressure is now being exerted on highway engineers to provide the most economic alternatives to naturally-occurring roadmaking materials. Alternative materials in road construction: Second edition, provides practical guidance in the selection of substitute materials, including the economic and technical considerations of their use and advice on the benefits and pitfalls of each material. This fully revised second edition includes: Extensively re-written and updated sections on classification and sources Specifications of road making materials and environmental and economic considerations Enlarged sections on construction and demolition wastes to take account of the increasing concern at the depletion of natural resources and the much greater emphasis on recycling A new chapter on Government and EC Policy with respect to environmental damage and recycling Alternative materials in road construction: Second edition is divided into three parts. Part 1 discusses the demand and requirements of road making materials and the specifications that they have to meet if they are to give sa
Recycled materials and industrial byproducts are being used in transportation applications with increasing frequency. There is a growing body of experience showing that these materials work well in highway applications. This study gathers the experiences of transportation agencies in determining the relevant properties of recycled materials and industrial byproducts and the beneficial use for highway applications. Information for this study was acquired through a literature review, and surveys and interviews with state department of transportation staff. The report will serve as a guide to states revising the provisions of their materials specifications to incorporate the use of recycled materials and industrial byproducts, and should, thereby, assist producers and users in leveling the playing field for a wide range of dissimilar materials.
Over 4.5 billion tons of non-hazardous wastes are generated in the United States each year. Out of these wastes over 200 million tons of post consumer waste is generated. The disposal of post consumer waste is the responsibility of municipality and society. Four waste materials, glass, plastic, rubber tires and paper and paperboard, were selected for detailed study. A questionnaire survey was conducted for obtaining input from all state departments of transportation (DOTs) and recyclers and solid waste management facilities in the state of Ohio. Responses received from state DOTs stated that they use various recycled materials in highway construction but do not conduct cost-effectiveness analysis of recycled waste materials. The cost of disposal of post consumer waste is increasing, which requires an alternate use for these waste materials. One possible use of these post consumer waste materials is in highway construction. An economic analysis is needed for their cost-effectiveness determination before using these materials in highway construction. Though these recycled waste materials are expensive compared to virgin material, consideration of the savings in terms of societal cost makes these materials become cost-effective and attractive to use in highway construction. Concepts of marginal costs and marginal benefits are used in developing the cost-effective analysis of recycled materials. The recycled waste material will be competitive with the new material if costs such as disamenity costs of disposal and landfill costs are added to the material costs. Benefits from recycling are numerous, such as the revenue generated from recycling and sale of material, avoidance of disposal costs, and improvement in environmental quality. Revenue from sale of each material is treated as a reduction in costs. Combining all costs together provides a platform to develop a marginal benefit function for recycling. A computer program was developed using Microsoft Access (trademark) to provide a tool in making an economic decision.
"This synthesis will be of special interest and usefulness to design engineers, materials technologists, and others seeking information on the potential use of recycled materials in design, construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of pavements, bases, and other components of the highway system. Detailed information is presented on procedures for pavement recycling."--Avant-propos.
In 1991, the U.S. Congress passed the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, or ISTEA as it is commonly refered to . Section 1038 of the ISTEA, required the Secretary of Trnasportation and the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to jointly conduct studies to determine the economic savings, technical performance qualities, threats to human health and the environment, and the environmental benefits of using recycled material in highway devices and appurtenances, as well as highway projects. A wide variety of waste materials have been or could be appropriate for use as a highway construction material. A symposium held in October of 1993 presented informationon the wide variety of worldwide research that is now underway in the area of recycling. Based on the results of that symposium, this paper provides information on some more promising and innovative uses for what would other wise be considered waste material. Materials covered in this paper include: Blast furnace and steel slags; Carpet fibers; Coal-ash by-products including fly ash, botton ash and flue gas desulfurization waste; Glass; Municipal solid waste combustion ash; Recycled plastic; Roofing shingle wastes; and Rubber tires for uses other than in asphalt pavements. Each material is birefly described and some of the current research projects using these materials are presented. Information regarding performance is also presented, as available. Material availability, environmental concerns, and disposal problesm are also briefly described. For the covering abstract of this conference, see IRRD number 863140.