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The major objective of this project was to formulate a Chunk Rubber Asphalt Concrete (CRAC) mix for use on low volume roads. CRAC is a rubber modified asphalt concrete product produced by the 'dry process' where rubber chunks of 1/2 inch size are used as aggregate in a cold mix with a type C fly ash. The second objective of this project was to develop guidelines concerning the use of rubber modified asphalt concrete hot mix to include: 1) design methods for use of asphalt-rubber mix for new construction and overlay; 2) mix design method for asphalt-rubber; and, 3) test method for determining the amount of rubber in an asphalt-rubber concrete for quality control purposes.
This study was conducted to determine the current and future supply of scrap tire rubber and the feasibility of using scrap tires in Kansas for various purposes. The goal was to determine if a sufficient quantity of recycled rubber existed and what the cost would be to meet the ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act) requirements for 1995 and thereafter. The four tasks included in the study were: surveying scrap tire utilization plans in other states; inventorying scrap tires in Kansas; estimating scrap tire generation in the future; and determining cost effectiveness of various uses of scrap tires. Currently there are 4.5 to 5.5 million scrap tires in Kansas and the annual generation of scrap tires is estimated to be 2 to 3 million. The ISTEA mandate would require an estimated 367,000 scrap tires be recycled annually. The Kansas Department of Transportation has used more rubber in 1993 and 1994 than will be required by 1997 when the 20% required by ISTEA is in effect. The most energetically and economically feasible method of disposal of scrap tires is as a fuel substitute for coal or natural gas in a co-fired application or in a dedicated scrap tire-to-energy facility. One of the cement producers in Kansas currently uses between 250,000 and 600,000 scrap tires annually for fuel.
This report describes a project in which approximately 6,200 tons (5,630 Mg) of asphaltic concrete were recycled through a conventional asphalt batch plant. During the construction of the project, a buildup of asphalt-coated fines occurred in the dryer and the dust collector. The buildup is thought to have been associated with the fineness and/or the high asphalt content of the recycled mix. To solve the problem, a change was made in the recycling process. The project was completed using a heat transfer method with mix proportions as high as 50% recycled material added to 50% virgin aggregate.
This synthesis on the use of recycled rubber tires in highways will be of interest to administrators and policy-makers; pavement, materials, geotechnical, environmental, and traffic operations engineers; and research engineers involved with highway design and construction issues. Information is provided on the uses of rubber tires in asphalt paving materials as well as other uses, such as on fills and embankments, for erosion control and on railroad grade crossings. Specifically, information is included which identifies the agencies using or implementing applications for recycled rubber tires and defines the design parameters, technical and construction limitations, performance, costs, benefits, environmental limitations, specifications, and availability. This synthesis of information defines the use of recycled rubber tires in highways and is based on a review of nearly 500 references and on information recorded from state highway agency responses to a 1991 survey of practice. Updates are included for as much of the state practice information possible through 1993. The use of scrap tires for highway applications is dynamic with regard to policy and technical issues. Therefore, the reader should keep in mind that the information presented reflects the best available data at a particular time. The synthesis also identifies current research in the topic area, critical research needs, and legislative issues that affect application and use of recycled rubber tires.
The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.
Kansas has many miles of thermally cracked roads primarily in the western one-half of the State. Rehabilitation with conventional hot mix asphalt overlays and hot recycling have not given the service life expected before the existing cracks reflect through the pavement. Since 1986, the Kansas Department of Transportation has been utilizing cold in-place recycling (CIR) with an emulsified asphalt as an additive as a cost effective alternative for rehabilitation of thermally cracked low volume pavements. Field performance of the final product appears to have more variation than desirable with an expected life of three to five years. The results of a two year study indicate that the material properties of the locally available aggregates are poor which results in low strength of the CIR mixes. In addition, the in-place air voids of the wearing surface were high and had an adverse effect on the performance of CIR mixes.