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This research program was initiated with the overall objective of evaluating the usefulness of dredged sediments as landfill material. The study is limited to the deposition of polluted fresh water dredgings from the Great Lakes area, and the major effort was centered around four disposal sites in the harbor serving Toledo, Ohio. A comprehensive sampling and testing program was undertaken in the field and in the laboratory to determine the engineering characteristics of hydraulically placed maintenance dredgings and the water quality effects associated with a typical dredging and disposal operation. Several thousand chemical analyses were conducted to assess the pollution potential of dredged materials under chemically treated and nontreated conditions. Several series of flocculation-sedimentation, sedimentation-leaching, repeated leaching, and evaporation tests were conducted to study the possibility of stabilizing these materials with chemical additives and to evaluate the effects, if any, of such chemicals on the leachates. Numerous index property tests were performed for classificatory purposees, and several correlations among different properties and the results of the index tests were established. An extensive field monitoring program was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a typical dredging and disposal operation on the water quality parameters of the environs. Periodic vane shear tests were conducted in two of the areas, and settlement plates were installed at one site to determine the time-dependent variations in the strength and settlement, respectively. Several in situ permeability tests were conducted on the foundation soils and the dredged materials to evaluate drainage conditions. Finally, a one-dimensional mathemathical model was developed to assess the relative importance of gravity drainage and evapotransporation on the desiccation and consolidation of a landfill composed of maintenance dredgings.
This research program was initiated with the overall objective of evaluating the usefulness of dredged sediments as landfill material. The study is limited to the deposition of polluted fresh water dredgings from the Great Lakes area, and the major effort was centered around four disposal sites in the harbor serving Toledo, Ohio. A comprehensive sampling and testing program was undertaken in the field and in the laboratory to determine the engineering characteristics of hydraulically placed maintenance dredgings and the water quality effects associated with a typical dredging and disposal operation. Several thousand chemical analyses were conducted to assess the pollution potential of dredged materials under chemically treated and nontreated conditions. Several series of flocculation-sedimentation, sedimentation-leaching, repeated leaching, and evaporation tests were conducted to study the possibility of stabilizing these materials with chemical additives and to evaluate the effects, if any, of such chemicals on the leachates. Numerous index property tests were performed for classificatory purposees, and several correlations among different properties and the results of the index tests were established. An extensive field monitoring program was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a typical dredging and disposal operation on the water quality parameters of the environs. Periodic vane shear tests were conducted in two of the areas, and settlement plates were installed at one site to determine the time-dependent variations in the strength and settlement, respectively. Several in situ permeability tests were conducted on the foundation soils and the dredged materials to evaluate drainage conditions. Finally, a one-dimensional mathemathical model was developed to assess the relative importance of gravity drainage and evapotransporation on the desiccation and consolidation of a landfill composed of maintenance dredgings.
President Carter's 1980 declaration of a state of emergency at Love Canal, New York, recognized that residents' health had been affected by nearby chemical waste sites. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, enacted in 1976, ushered in a new era of waste management disposal designed to protect the public from harm. It required that modern waste containment systems use "engineered" barriers designed to isolate hazardous and toxic wastes and prevent them from seeping into the environment. These containment systems are now employed at thousands of waste sites around the United States, and their effectiveness must be continually monitored. Assessment of the Performance of Engineered Waste Containment Barriers assesses the performance of waste containment barriers to date. Existing data suggest that waste containment systems with liners and covers, when constructed and maintained in accordance with current regulations, are performing well thus far. However, they have not been in existence long enough to assess long-term (postclosure) performance, which may extend for hundreds of years. The book makes recommendations on how to improve future assessments and increase confidence in predictions of barrier system performance which will be of interest to policy makers, environmental interest groups, industrial waste producers, and industrial waste management industry.
This book comprises select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020 (IGC2020) focusing on emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of transportation geotechnics, scour and erosion, offshore geotechnics, and environmental geotechnology. The contents will be useful to researchers, educators, practitioners and policy makers alike.
Some of the nation's estuaries, lakes and other water bodies contain contaminated sediments that can adversely affect fish and wildlife and may then find their way into people's diets. Dredging is one of the few options available for attempting to clean up contaminated sediments, but it can uncover and re-suspend buried contaminants, creating additional exposures for wildlife and people. At the request of Congress, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate dredging as a cleanup technique. The book finds that, based on a review of available evidence, dredging's ability to decrease environmental and health risks is still an open question. Analysis of pre-dredging and post-dredging at about 20 sites found a wide range of outcomes in terms of surface sediment concentrations of contaminants: some sites showed increases, some no change, and some decreases in concentrations. Evaluating the potential long-term benefits of dredging will require that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency step up monitoring activities before, during and after individual cleanups to determine whether it is working there and what combinations of techniques are most effective.
Life is often considered to be a journey. The lifecycle of waste can similarly be considered to be a journey from the cradle (when an item becomes valueless and, usually, is placed in the dustbin) to the grave (when value is restored by creating usable material or energy; or the waste is transformed into emissions to water or air, or into inert material placed in a landfill). This preface provides a route map for the journey the reader of this book will undertake. Who? Who are the intended readers of this book? Waste managers (whether in public service or private companies) will find a holistic approach for improving the environmental quality and the economic cost of managing waste. The book contains general principles based on cutting edge experience being developed across Europe. Detailed data and a computer model will enable operations managers to develop data-based improvements to their systems. Producers oj waste will be better able to understand how their actions can influence the operation of environmentally improved waste management systems. Designers oj products and packages will be better able to understand how their design criteria can improve the compatibility of their product or package with developing, environmentally improved waste management systems. Waste data specialists (whether in laboratories, consultancies or environ mental managers of waste facilities) will see how the scope, quantity and quality of their data can be improved to help their colleagues design more effective waste management systems.