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This thesis is an examination of the need for a U.S. Naval presence in Southeast Asia. With the rapid changes in the world geopolitical order following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, the need for American military presence in all parts of the world is being reexamined. This thesis examines the most recent policy and strategy statements of both the President and the Pentagon and how Southeast Asia might fit in to this new strategy. U.S. national interests in Southeast Asia are reevaluated for the post-Cold War era, concluding that the United States does indeed have strong interests, primarily economic, in the region. There are several potential threats to U.S. interests in Southeast Asia, both internal and external to the region. The internal threats are the traditional rivalries within the region. Potential external threats are from China and Japan seeking regional hegemony. A strong U.S. naval presence will be superior to any regional navy and is essential to ensuring U.S. national interests in the region remain secure.
This book examines the emerging maritime security scene in Southeast Asia. It considers highly topical implications for the region of possible strategic competition between China and India - the rising naval powers of Asia - with a possible naval "arms race" emerging between these countries both with naval force development and operations. As part of its "Look East" policy, India has deployed naval units to the Pacific Ocean for port visits and exercises both with East Asian navies and the US Navy, but India is also concerned about the possibility of the Chinese Navy operating in the Indian Ocean. Even as the US-India defence relationship continues to deepen, the US and China are struggling to build a closer links. China’s and India’s strategic interests overlap in this region both in maritime strategic competition or conflict – which might be played out in the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca and Singapore Straits and the South China Sea. The sea lines of communication (SLOCs) through Southeast Asian waters constitute vital "choke points" between the Indian and Pacific Oceans carrying essential energy supplies for China and other Northeast Asian countries. Any strategic competition between China and India has implications for other major maritime players in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, especially Australia, the Republic of Korea and Japan, as well as the US. This book identifies possible cooperative and confidence-building measures that may contribute to enhanced relations between these two major powers and dampen down the risks associated with their strategic competition.
In 2015, Congress tasked the Department of Defense to commission an independent assessment of U.S. military strategy and force posture in the Asia-Pacific, as well as that of U.S. allies and partners, over the next decade. This CSIS study fulfills that congressional requirement. The authors assess U.S. progress to date and recommend initiatives necessary to protect U.S. interests in the Pacific Command area of responsibility through 2025. Four lines of effort are highlighted: (1) Washington needs to continue aligning Asia strategy within the U.S. government and with allies and partners; (2) U.S. leaders should accelerate efforts to strengthen ally and partner capability, capacity, resilience, and interoperability; (3) the United States should sustain and expand U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific region; and (4) the United States should accelerate development of innovative capabilities and concepts for U.S. forces.
This book depicts the United States Navy's contribution to the twenty-five-year American and Vietnamese campaign to defend the Republic of Vietnam. The dimension of that effort is suggested by the fact that two million U.S. naval personnel, more than 2,551 of whom lost their lives, served their country in Southeast Asia. The text and photographs in By Sea, Air, and Land cover all naval aspects of this prolonged campaign, particularly the operations of carrier, surface, amphibious, logistic, riverine, coastal, and mine forces. Assessments of the Navy's overall experience in counterinsurgency, civic action, and the advisory effort are provided. Coverage extends to naval forces assigned to the Seventh Fleet as well as to units based ashore that reported to the Commander Naval Forces, Vietnam. Chapter 1 - The Early Years, 1950-1959 * Passage to Freedom * Development of the Vietnamese Navy * Chapter 2 - The Era of Growing Conflict, 1959-1965 * The Crises in Laos * U.S. Naval Advisors and the Vietnamese Navy * Counterinsurgency and the Navy * U.S. Navy Direct Support * Expanding Operations into North Vietnam and Laos * Gulf of Tonkin Incidents * The Conflict in Transition * Chapter 3 - The Years of Combat, 1965-1968 * The Naval Command in Southeast Asia * The Carrier Force * Rolling Thunder * Amphibious Landings in South Vietnam * Bombardment from the Sea * Coastal Interdiction * The Naval Command in South Vietnam * River Patrol * Riverine Assault Force * The Naval Advisory Effort * Civic Action * The Navy's Logistic Support of the War * Naval Support Activities * Chapter 4 - Winding Down the War, 1968-1973 * The SEALORDS Campaign * Allied Navies on the Offensive * Vietnamization of Naval Operations * Task Force 77 Operations * Allied Surface Warfare * Vietnamization Completed * Countering the Easter Offensive * Linebacker * Withdrawal from the War * Chapter 5 - The Final Curtain, 1973-1975 * Naval Evacuation of i Corps and II Corps * Eagle Pull * The Fall of South Vietnam * Appendixes * A. U.S. Navy Medal of Honor Recipients * B. Secretaries of the Navy and Key U.S. Naval Officers * C. Carrier Deployments to Southeast Asia * D. Aircraft Tailcodes * E. Enemy Aircraft Shot Down by Naval Aviators in Southeast Asia * Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms * Selected Bibliography When many Americans think of the Vietnam War, they visualize Army infantrymen warily inching their way along a jungle trail or slogging through endless rice paddies under a mercilessly hot sun. Troops fighting house to house through the streets of Saigon during the cataclysmic Tet Offensive of 1968 is another scene that comes readily to mind. Others may picture an Air Force attack jet dropping napalm bombs on a Viet Cong position or B-52s releasing strings of bombs high above the clouds. The aim of this illustrated history is to shed light on the significant involvement of the U.S. Navy, over a period of 25 years, in the struggle for Southeast Asia. The Navy was there from 1950, when the French Union Forces battling the Viet Minh were supplied with American aircraft and naval vessels, to 1975, when helicopters and ships of the Seventh Fleet evacuated the last Americans from Saigon. During the years from 1964 to 1973 alone, 2,636,000 sailors and Marines served in the Southeast Asian operational theater. Even before 1965, when substantial U.S. ground and air forces deployed to Southeast Asia, the fleet maintained a powerful presence in the waters off troubled Indochina. The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson administrations repeatedly brandished the fleet weapon to deter Chinese and North Vietnamese military activism and to influence the political-military struggle ashore.
For many years, the U.S. military presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) has served as an important stabilizing factor in region and has allow countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to sustain high economic growth, and develop social and political stability. With the loss of the Philippine bases in 1992, the only forward deployed U.S. forces in the Asia-Pacific region are located in Japan, the Republic of Korea and Hawaii. At the same time, the U.S. military in SEA is maintained through the use of port facilities and a multitude of bilateral security relations, and military exercises with individual ASEAN states. in the twenty-first century, ASEAN will continue to be confronted by a number of security concerns. This study shows that the significant threats facing the region are an aggressive and assertive China, conflict in the South China Sea, and an unstable Indonesia. In view of these security concerns, the study argues that a U.S. military presence in SEA is still necessary in the twenty-first century. Maintaining such a presence will yield significant benefits to the U.S. and ASEAN. However, the continued presence of the U.S. military in SEA is expected to face greater challenges due to lower military resources and support, as the U.S. finds itself increasingly embroiled in conflicts worldwide. The study proposes three possible options in which a continued U.S. military presence in SEA can be maintained, namely, maintaining the status quo, an increased presence and a surrogate presence. On balance, maintaining a surrogate presence, by empowering a suitable country within ASEAN, presents the best option for the U.S. and ASEAN.
The Reagan administration has indicated clearly that the United States will reassert its strategic presence in Asia and the Pacific at levels not equalled since the close of the Vietnam conflict. The implications of this policy bear careful examination in light of the growing divergence between U.S. security perceptions and those of our European an