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Land subsidence is the loss of surface elevation as a result of the removal of subsurface support. The mechanisms by which this can occur may be natural in origin or induced by human activities. Common causes of land subsidence include the removal of oil, gas, and water from underground reservoirs; dissolution of limestone aquifers (sinkholes); underground mining activities; drainage of organic soils; and hydrocompaction (the initial wetting of dry soils). Overdraft of aquifers is the major cause of a really extensive land subsidence, and as ground-water pumping increases, land subsidence also will increase. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long-standing history of describing, mapping, and conducting process-oriented research in land subsidence. In 1955, the Geological Survey formed the Mechanics of Aquifers Project under the direction of Joseph F. Poland to study the processes that result in land subsidence due to the withdrawal of ground water. From 1955 to 1984, this research team gained international renown as they advanced the understanding of aquifer mechanics and land-subsidence theory. In addition to conducting pioneering research, this group also provided a focal point within the USGS for the dissemination of technology and scientific understanding in aquifer mechanics.
The Science of Land Subsidence explains the current science underpinning natural and human-made land subsidence events, and provides students and interested readers with sufficient background on the basics of geology, natural science, chemical, and environmental engineering. Moreover, it presents a wide-ranging discussion presented in the author’s comprehensible conversational style describing the impact of land subsidence events on health, sustenance, and society in general, and provides various case studies covering catastrophic land subsidence events. This book is directed at undergraduate and graduate students, professionals, scientists, and the general reading public who would like to gain a broad multidisciplinary view of one of the greatest challenges of our generation. • Describes the impact of land subsidence events on health, sustenance, and society in general. • Provides various case studies covering catastrophic land subsidence events.
This book provides a practical strategy for obtaining a more complete and accurate geologic site characterization. The strategy and methods to characterize complex geologic settings are readily available. The strategy utilizes readily available technology, basic science and good, old-fashioned common sense resulting in a solid understanding of geologic and even karst or pseudokarst conditions. We provide an introduction to many off-the-shelf methods available for site characterization as well as examples of their application throughout the book. The purpose of a geologic site characterization is to understand the 3-dimensional geologic framework, along with the engineering and hydrologic properties of a site including any man-made impacts. A well-done site characterization is the cornerstone of all geotechnical, groundwater and environmental projects. The geologic conditions, particularly karst conditions, can significantly impact a site including its structural stability, groundwater pathways and potential for rapid transport or traps for contaminants. Once we have adequately characterized the geologic conditions can we carry our remediation, design and construction, model flow, and make risk assessments that are accurate and reliable.