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Weakened by two Opium Wars and a succession of internal rebellions in the mid-1800s, China’s imperial leaders made a historic decision—to break a tradition of isolation and seek education outside the homeland’s borders. In time, an acquisition of science and technology from the rapidly-industrializing West would enable China to modernize its still-feudal economy and outdated military, thus restoring stability and establishing protection from future foreign encroachment. Today more than 200,000 Chinese are enrolled in colleges and universities across the United States, while the number of Americans choosing to study in China is rising. As we approach mid-century China is assuming a lofty position of world leadership. This book does not attempt to debate or determine the extent to which higher education exchange with the United States has impacted China’s rise . Instead it focuses on the story itself—of Sino-American education trade from its roots in antiquity to the present time—highlighting the people, programs, trials and triumphs that have wrought its extraordinary history. It will offer the first sequential, historically grounded book-length review of Sino-American education exchange that takes the story from its origins to the present day.
The U.S.-China educational exchange began auspiciously after a 30-year hiatus in 1978 when Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping announced his strategic decision to send 5,000 students and scholars from China each year to further their education. 1 Then-U.S. President Jimmy Carter famously responded, “Tell him to send 100,000.” This was the launch of educational exchange as a core pillar of the U.S.-China relationship. Until the 40th anniversary of the normalization of U.S.-China relations and U.S.-China educational exchange in 2019, there was general agreement that the exchange of students and scholars benefited both countries. There was recognition that the enormous increase in personal interaction and friendships — and knowledge about each other’s society, culture, economy, and government — strengthened understanding, trust, and cooperation. At a time when U.S.-China relations are at its lowest point since the normalization of relations, the benefits of educational exchange are being questioned, if not under assault. Few could have predicted that Chinese students would be weaponized by both sides, caught up in the political and security disputes between the two governments. A trade war, political tensions, concerns about academic espionage and influence operations, rising incidents of anti-Asian hate, and a global pandemic have created a perfect storm to stir up distrust as well as retaliatory measures that restrict student mobility on both sides of the Pacific. After years of fast growth, the number of Chinese students and researchers coming to the U.S. has slowed. China is still the largest source of international students in the U.S., accounting for about one-third of the total, but America’s appeal is weakening. Is this shift toward declining numbers an overdue correction to better protect America against academic espionage and influence operations and prevent China from capitalizing on American know-how to accelerate its own progress? Or is this decline in numbers an unnecessary and damaging hit on American universities’ preeminent position in global higher education and its open science model, leading to loss of U.S. competitiveness and international prestige? This report more broadly, is an attempt to discern the benefits, risks, and challenges of U.S.-China educational exchange and determine how educational exchange can advance the interests of both the U.S. and China going forward.
An overview of the education system in China is provided, including the effects of political changes over the past century, the organization of the present-day system, and institutions of higher education. U.S.-China educational exchanges are also reviewed, and guidance is offered on exchange regulations and procedures. The following chapters are presented: (1) "The Evolution of China's Education System"; (2) "Recurring Themes"; (3) "The Structure of China's Education System"; (4) "The State Education Commission and Higher Education in China"; (5) "Institutions of Higher Education"; (6) "Selection Procedures and Academic Programs"; (7) "China's Approach to Educational Exchanges"; (8) "The U.S. Approach to Exchanges with China"; (9) "U.S.-Chinese Agreements Governing the Exchange of Students and Scholars"; (10) "Students and Scholars from China in the United States"; (11) "U.S. Students, Researchers and Teachers in China"; (12) "U.S.-China Educational Exchanges in a Global Context"; (13) "Admissions Information"; (14) "Governmental and Institutional Regulations" (15) "U.S.-Chinese Institutional Arrangements"; and (16) "Opportunities for Study, Research and Teaching in China." Appendices provide a variety of resources concerning China and educational exchanges with China, including legal documents, a pronunciation guide to Chinese surnames and place names, and lists of embassies and consulates, organizations, and references. (KM)
From Missionary Education to Confucius Institutes examines the history and globalization of cultural exchange between the United States and China and corrects many myths surrounding the incompatibility of American and Chinese cultures in the higher education sphere. Providing a fresh look at the role of non-state actors in advancing Sino-American cross-cultural knowledge exchange, the book presents empirical studies highlighting the diverse experiences and practices involved. Case studies include the U.S.-initiated missionary education in modern China, the involvement of private foundations and professional associations in education, the impact of Chinese and American laws on student exchanges, and the evaluation of the experience of U.S. Confucius Institutes. This book will appeal to students and scholars of U.S. and Chinese higher education from the past to the present, as well as international admission officers and university executives who are concerned about the global educational partnership with China and questions around the internationalization of education more broadly.
At the end of the 20th Century, the focus of global attention and concern is on the future relationship between the world's most influential nation and its most populous one. The series of high-level meetings and the exchange of unusually long summit visits that occupied the center of the world stage in the late 1990s reveal that both sides recognize the other's global importance. In the words of President Bill Clinton, "the role China chooses to play will powerfully shape the next century." The years 1997 and 1998 will be remembered by many for the critically acclaimed summit visits of Jiang Zemin to the United States and Bill Clinton to China. This book moves beyond the Clinton-Jiang summits of 1997-1998 to explore long-term prospects in light of recent developments. Nineteen scholars from diverse disciplines, including eight from China mainland institutions, address the outlook for security relations in the Asia-Pacific Region; prospects for strategic partnership; issues concerning Taiwan, Tibet, and trade; the potential for information, technology, and educational exchanges; future competition for natural resources; changing images of each other; and other critical dimensions of expanding non-state relationships. The interaction of China and the United States promises to constitute the world's most important bilateral relationship well into the 21st Century. To be constructive and enduring, relationships must be based on mutual understanding and respect. This volume provides an opportunity to advance both foundations among students, scholars, policy makers, and the attentive public in the East and the West.