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Close Air Support is inherently one of the most joint endeavors in today military. Coordination and integration of air and ground assets are the keys to successful close air support. Command and control at the operational level can set the stage for success or failure. Advances in technology, changes in warfare, and transformation of Army organization have led to rapid change in the world of command and control. Doctrine publications at all levels struggle to keep pace with changes. With this problem in mind, the primary question is whether or not Joint, US Air Force, and US Army doctrine and TTPs work together to ensure effective CAS command and control at the operational level in the current operational environment. This study starts with a history of air-ground coordination and the command and control of close air support. It then compares current Joint, Air Force, and Army publications to find doctrinal disconnects that might lead to gaps in joint integration and suggests changes to the lifecyle and update methods of Joint and service doctrine documents.
With the publication of Field Circular 100-16-1, Theater Army, Army Group, and Field Army Operations, the U.S. Army has explicitly recognized the need to develop doctrine and organizations at the Field Army and Army Group level to provide command and control for the operational level of war. The extant literature and doctrine for command and control at the division level and below is extensive. However, very little material exists on the subject of command and control at the operational level of war, particularly with regard to the execution of the AirLand Battle doctrine. Historically, World War II provides a wealth of well documented material on Field Army and Army Group operations by the American, German, and Soviet Armies. Research was conducted into the experiences of those three armies with particular emphasis being placed on the exercise of command and control at the corps through army group level. An analytical model was developed that facilitated the process. Results of the historical examination were then extrapolated forward into the doctrinal environment of AirLand Battle to illuminate command and control issues at the operational level.
This monograph seeks to determine how operational level commanders establish the tone of the command and how they exercise their will through all elements of the command. To establish a context for answering this question, an overview of the strategic environment is conducted. This overview reveals that the United States, when executing the strategy of engagement and enlargement with a shrinking force structure, will rely on the response of all uniformed services and the participation of its allies to meet strategic goals. A review of major actions also demonstrates that the United States historically operates in concert with its allies when conducting operations. The strategic environment is such that U.S. forces will likely operate as a joint team, with multiple services represented in the field and on the commander's staff. Combined operations will be the norm, increasing the complexity of command and control. The next section of the monograph presents such doctrine that exists for senior level commanders. The Army is the only service that has a written doctrine aimed at senior leaders. Other Services have no separate written doctrine for leaders at high levels but are thinking and writing professionally about the unique characteristics of command at the operational level. Using Army doctrine as a framework, the monograph next considers two case studies to see what enabled two senior level commanders to exert their will through multiple layers of command to the individual soldier and to see how the command came to reflect the person of the commander.
With the publication of Field Circular 100-16-1, Theater Army, Army Group, and Field Army Operations, the U.S. Army has explicitly recognized the need to develop doctrine and organizations at the Field Army and Army Group level to provide command and control for the operational level of war. The extant literature and doctrine for command and control at the division level and below is extensive. However, very little material exists on the subject of command and control at the operational level of war, particularly with regard to the execution of the AirLand Battle doctrine. Historically, World War II provides a wealth of well documented material on Field Army and Army Group operations by the American, German, and Soviet Armies. Research was conducted into the experiences of those three armies with particular emphasis being placed on the exercise of command and control at the corps through army group level. An analytical model was developed that facilitated the process. Results of the historical examination were then extrapolated forward into the doctrinal environment of AirLand Battle to illuminate command and control issues at the operational level. (Author).
Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 6-0 presents the Army's guidance on command, control, and the mission command warfighting function. This publication concisely describes how commanders, supported by their staffs, combine the art of command and the science of control to understand situations, make decisions, direct action, and accomplish missions. The principal audience for ADP 6-0 is all professionals within the Army. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine on command and control of joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable U.S., international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. ADP 6-0 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.