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This report conducts a comprehensive analysis of India's stabilization and reform program over the past five years, describing a successful transition from central planning to a more open and deregulated economy. In addition to the progress the country has made, the report cites challenges to future growth and points to areas of priority action, such as improving urban services and investing in human capital. The report addresses specific topics, including (i) fiscal consolidation and debt dynamics; (ii) public expenditure and tax reforms; (iii) money and bond markets; (iv) contractual savings institutions; (v) agricultural trade liberalization and rural development; (vi) investing in private infrastructure; and (vii) the external environment and India's export competitiveness.

Jamaica

World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office. Human and Social Development Group

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 80


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Most tourists who venture to Trench Town, and to the small Culture Yard museum it houses, are drawn in by the area's rich musical heritage. It is the birthplace of reggae, and where Bob Marley, who grew up in the neighbourhood and famously sung about it, mingled and jammed with other figureheads of Jamaica's musical scene. The sonic art of Trench Town, along with references to Kingston's downtown 'ghetto life', infuse Jamaican visual and musical culture. While these spark visitors' wish to experience Trench Town and embark on walking tours of the neighbourhood, they also inform tourist imaginaries of ghetto poverty and crime. Local guides, who (for the most part) live in Trench Town, are aware of tourists' desires to experience snippets of life tinted by poverty and violence. In this dissertation, I analyse tourism patterns in Trench Town to understand how low-income residents participate in encounters predicated on the consumption of inequality. My dissertation draws on the case of tourism in Trench Town to address how urban poverty and violence are experienced, sensed and ultimately sold, unpacking the political and economic implications of this form of commodification. This research explores how poverty and violence are transformed into products, and what benefits residents of marginalised - yet destination - neighbourhoods such as Trench Town can derive from selling glimpses of deprivation and conflict. I tie these questions to larger debates in urban studies and anthropology that are concerned with the transformation of places into goods for exchange.
Gray's central thesis asserts that the Jamaican state is a form of predatory state that incorporates contradictory social forces into an arrangement that is hierarchical, often brutal and ultimately debilitating to democracy. He introduces a series of constructs to support this argument, but the more interesting and novel theses are to be found in his vivid description of the social forces that resist the predatory state and how they have carved out a modicum of autonomy based on what he describes as an elaborate value system of badness/honour.
About half of the region's poor live in cities, and policy makers across Latin America are increasingly interested in policy advice on how to design programmes and policies to tackle poverty. This publication argues that the causes of poverty, the nature of deprivation, and the policy levers to fight poverty are, to a large extent, site specific. It therefore focuses on strategies to assist the urban poor in making the most of the opportunities offered by cities, such as larger labour markets and better services, while helping them cope with the negative aspects, such as higher housing costs, pollution, risk of crime and less social capital.