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This SAE EDGE Research Report addresses the unsettled topic of user acceptance of automated driving, analyzing the user experience for a more intuitive and safe driving experience. Unsettled Topics Concerning User Experience and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles examines the requirements for safer driver/user engagement with driving for the various SAE automation levels. It analyzes consumer sentiment toward automated driving - both consumer excitement about the perceived benefits and dislikes or concerns about the technology. The findings from surveys about drivers' experience with advanced driving assistance technologies and its application to automated driving is also brought to the surface of the discussion, together with driver profiles observed during a user-centric experience in an immersive automated driving cockpit. Unsettled Topics Concerning User Experience and Acceptance of Automated Vehicles proposes - through a trust pyramid representation - a means of gradually increasing user trust through careful human-machine interface (HMI) delivery with appropriate levels of information that communicate safe driving. Ultimately, the goal is to build up user confidence levels in safe automated driving so that their time can be spent on entertainment or other non-driving tasks.
This book is dedicated to user experience design for automated driving to address humane aspects of automated driving, e.g., workload, safety, trust, ethics, and acceptance. Automated driving has experienced a major development boost in recent years. However, most of the research and implementation has been technology-driven, rather than human-centered. The levels of automated driving have been poorly defined and inconsistently used. A variety of application scenarios and restrictions has been ambiguous. Also, it deals with human factors, design practices and methods, as well as applications, such as multimodal infotainment, virtual reality, augmented reality, and interactions in and outside users. This book aims at 1) providing engineers, designers, and practitioners with a broad overview of the state-of-the-art user experience research in automated driving to speed-up the implementation of automated vehicles and 2) helping researchers and students benefit from various perspectives and approaches to generate new research ideas and conduct more integrated research.
Created to elevate expertise in testing, verification, and validation with industry-specific terminology, readers are empowered to navigate the complex world of quality assurance. From foundational concepts to advanced principles, each entry provides clarity and depth, ensuring the reader becomes well-versed in the language of precision. This dictionary is an indispensable companion for both professionals and students seeking to unravel the nuances of testing methodologies, verification techniques, and validation processes. Readers will be equipped with the tools to communicate effectively, make informed decisions, and excel in projects. In addition, references to SAE Standards are included to direct the read to additional information beyond a practical definition. (ISBN 9781468605907, ISBN 9781468605914, ISBN 9781468605921, DOI 10.4271/9781468605914)
Unsettled Topics in Automated Vehicle Data Sharing for Verification and Validation Purposesdiscusses the unsettled issue of sharing the terabytes of driving data generated by Automated Vehicles (AVs) on a daily basis. Perception engineers use these large datasets to analyze and model the automated driving systems (ADS) that will eventually be integrated into future "self-driving" vehicles. However, the current industry practices of collecting data by driving on public roads to understand real-world scenarios is not practical and will be unlikely to lead to safe deployment of this technology anytime soon. Estimates show that it could take 400 years for a fleet of 100 AVs to drive enough miles to prove that they are as safe as human drivers. Yet, data-sharing can be developed - as a technology, culture, and business - and allow for rapid generation and testing of the billions of possible scenarios that are needed to prove practicality and safety of an ADS - resulting in lower research and development costs to the industry. Unsettled Topics in Automated Vehicle Data Sharing for Verification and Validation Purposes explores how this could lead to better regulation, insurance, public acceptance - and finally, shorter technology development cycles. Finding a business case and changing to an open data culture are not going to be easy tasks, but data sharing is the only way forward for the whole industry to move to the next phase of deployment after nearly a decade of intense research.
A key factor for the introduction of (conditionally) automated vehicles is a high level of trust in and acceptance of these vehicles by the end-user. To bring such so-called TrustVehicles on the road, the end-users and their expectations have to be strongly taken into consideration by, for instance, developing driver interfaces as well as reliable and robust automated driving controllers. The main topics of the book are ranging from the question of how these TrustVehicles should behave and interact with users, the development of reliable sense-plan-act approaches, the whole verification procedures starting with simulation to studies on the driving simulator and the verification on a test track. All these steps together provide an overall picture and pave the way to trustworthy and reliable automated vehicles – so-called TrustVehicles.
This SAE EDGE(TM) Research Report explores how the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) will affect the insurance industry and the principles of liability that underly the structure of insurance in the US. As we trade human drivers for suites of sensors and computers, who (or what) is responsible when there is a crash? The owner of the vehicle? The automaker that built it? The programmer that wrote the code? Insurers have over 100 years of experience and data covering human drivers, but with only a few years' worth of information on AVs - how can they properly predict the true risks associated with their deployment? Without an understanding of the nature and risks of AVs, how can the government agencies that regulate the insurance industry provide proper oversight? Do the challenges AVs present require a total reworking of our insurance and liability systems, or can our current structures be adapted to fit them with minor modifications? Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles explores a number of potential challenges and unsettled topics facing the insurance industry and offers potential solutions brought forth from a team of seven legal experts.
With the launch of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Grand Challenges in 2004 and 2005, autonomous driving technology has been slowly making its way toward commercialization. Billions of dollars have been invested in the development of the core technology and potential use models. While the technology required for a fully functional automated vehicle (AV) is quite a few years away from reality, specific restricted-use models such as robo-taxis, truck convoying, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) show great promise. Another use model, which also shows a great deal of potential, is the use of AV technology for public transportation. Technologically, public transportation shuttles are an ideal potential application as they operate at low speeds on fixed routes. From a business point of view, there is already an existing public transit business model, and there are potential opportunities for providing superior quality of service for disadvantaged communities. However, most of the utility is typically found in dense urban environments, which can present unique challenges. Further, the operators of public transportation perform within a public sector regime, which has additional requirements. Thus, it is quite instructive to look at the divergent experiences of leading cities as they engage with AV technology for their specific purposes. In this SAE EDGE Research Report, we will examine the still unsettled topics and generic solutions for the public transportation market and the unique AV deployment schemas for the cities of Jacksonville, Florida; Singapore; Tallinn, Estonia; and finally Orlando/Lake Nona, Florida. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Over the last 100 years, the automobile has become integrated in a fundamental way into the broader economy. A broad and deep ecosystem has emerged, and critical components of this ecosystem include insurance, after-market services, automobile retail sales, automobile lending, energy suppliers (e.g., gas stations), medical services, advertising, lawyers, banking, public planners, and law enforcement. These components - which together represent almost $2 trillion of the U.S. economy - are in equilibrium based on the current capabilities of automotive technology. However, the advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and technologies like electrification have the potential to significantly disrupt the automotive ecosystem. The critical cog governing the rate and pace of this shift is the management of the test and verification of AVs. In this SAE EDGE(TM) report, six senior industry leaders in the impacted ecosystems essay articles which describe sectors of the current automotive ecosystem and the manner in which AV technology can potentially reshape them - providing a mosaic of the massive infrastructure shifts which will be required to absorb AV technologies. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
Automated driving systems (ADS) have the potential to revolutionize transportation. Through the automation of driver functions in the application of advanced technology within the vehicle, significant improvements can be made to safety, efficiency, user experience, and the preservation of the environment. According to the US Department of Transportation [1], there are more than 1,400 cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles being tested by more than 80 companies across the USA. Implementation of ADS technology is well advanced, with many sites across the USA incorporating automated vehicles (AVs) into wider programs to apply advanced technology to transportation. Discussions with the public sector's implementing agencies suggest that one of the barriers to faster progress lies in the lack of consistent and standardized field-testing protocols. This report looks at the state of the art of field testing for ADS and identifies areas for improved consistency and standardization. It will define the problem to be addressed by AVs and the challenges associated with the introduction of such vehicles and open-road situations. In particular, the report will look at the possibilities for big data and analytics to enable the sharing of lessons learned and convergence on standard field-testing approaches. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.