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Automated driving systems (ADS) have the potential to revolutionize transportation. Through the automation of driver functions in the application of advanced technology within the vehicle, significant improvements can be made to safety, efficiency, user experience, and the preservation of the environment. According to the US Department of Transportation [1], there are more than 1,400 cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles being tested by more than 80 companies across the USA. Implementation of ADS technology is well advanced, with many sites across the USA incorporating automated vehicles (AVs) into wider programs to apply advanced technology to transportation. Discussions with the public sector's implementing agencies suggest that one of the barriers to faster progress lies in the lack of consistent and standardized field-testing protocols. This report looks at the state of the art of field testing for ADS and identifies areas for improved consistency and standardization. It will define the problem to be addressed by AVs and the challenges associated with the introduction of such vehicles and open-road situations. In particular, the report will look at the possibilities for big data and analytics to enable the sharing of lessons learned and convergence on standard field-testing approaches. NOTE: SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE(TM) Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
SAE EDGE Research Reports provide state-of-the-art and state-of-industry examinations of the most significant topics in mobility engineering. SAE EDGE contributors are experts from research, academia, and industry who have come together to explore and define the most critical advancements, challenges, and future direction in areas such as vehicle automation, unmanned aircraft, IoT and connectivity, cybersecurity, advanced propulsion, and advanced manufacturing.
Aviation propulsion development continues to rely upon fossil fuels for the vast majority of commercial and military applications. Until these fuels are depleted or abandoned, burning them will continue to jeopardize air quality and provoke increased regulation. With those challenges in mind, research and development of more efficient and electric propulsion systems will expand. Fuel-cell technology is but one example that addresses such emission and resource challenges, and others, including negligible acoustic emissions and the potential to leverage current infrastructure models. For now, these technologies are consigned to smaller aircraft applications, but are expected to mature toward use in larger aircraft. Additionally, measures such as electric/conventional hybrid configurations will ultimately increase efficiencies and knowledge of electric systems while minimizing industrial costs. Requirements for greater flight time, stealth characteristics, and thrust-to-power ratios adds urgency to the development of efficient propulsion methods for applications such as UAVs, which looks to technologies such as asymmetrical capacitors to enhance electric propulsion efficiency. This book will take the reader through various technologies that will enable a more-electric aircraft future, as well as design methods and certification requirements of more-electric engines.
Distributed propulsion technology is one of the revolutionary candidates for future aircraft propulsion. In this book, which serves as the very first reference book on distributed propulsion technology, the potential role of distributed propulsion technology in future aviation is investigated. Following a historical journey that revisits distributed propulsion technology in unmanned air vehicles, commercial aircrafts, and military aircrafts, features of this specific technology are highlighted in synergy with an electric aircraft concept and a first-of-its-kind comparison between commercial and military aircrafts employing distributed propulsion arrangements. In light of propulsionairframe integration and complementary technologies, such as boundary layer ingestion, thrust vectoring and circulation control, transpired opportunities and challenges are addressed in addition to a number of identified research directions proposed for future aircrafts. Moreover, a diverse set of distributed propulsion arrangements are considered. These include: small engines, gas-driven multi-fan architectures, turboelectric systems featuring superconductive and non-superconducting electrical machine technology, and electromagnetic fans. This book features contributions by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Air Force (USAF), and includes the first proposed official definition for distributed propulsion technology in subsonic fixed wing aircrafts.
SAE EDGE Research Reports provide state-of-the-art and state-of-industry examinations of the most significant topics in mobility engineering. SAE EDGE contributors are experts from research, academia, and industry who have come together to explore and define the most critical advancements, challenges, and future direction in areas such as vehicle automation, unmanned aircraft, IoT and connectivity, cybersecurity, advanced propulsion, and advanced manufacturing.
As interest in the reduction of the environmental impact of commercial aviation grows alongside the continued pursuit of improved efficiency, electrification of aircraft propulsion systems may have potential to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of aircraft. Incorporating electrical components adds a dimension to the propulsion system design space and introduces new tradeoffs between weight and efficiency. In this thesis, we apply numerical optimization to conceptual design of regional transport category turboprop airplanes and light rotorcraft using geometric programming. A design optimization framework was developed for modeling hybrid propulsion systems in the context of vehicle conceptual design and used to evaluate the benefit over conventional systems, optimal operation strategy, and design changes with changes in electrical technology improvements. The objectives of this research are to quantify the energy savings benefits of parallel hybrid electric propulsion, identify the mechanisms of the benefits, and characterize the scaling effects of design parameters such as range and electrical technology parameters such as battery specific energy. The results show incorporation of current state-of-the-art electrical components may provide energy savings up to 7.7% over conventional turboprop engines, while projected improvements in technology may allow savings of up to 14.1%, albeit at a reduced range relative to conventional gas turbine powered aircraft. The rotorcraft considered differ from transport aircraft in that they are capable of vertical takeoff and landing which require higher power relative to cruise; rotorcraft with short-duration hover missions may save up to 12.7% energy using parallel hybrid electric propulsion systems with state-of-the-art technology and up to 25.3% with projected technology improvements. By supplementing the gas turbine engine with electrical power in high-power conditions, the overall efficiency of the propulsion system can be improved throughout the mission. Improvements in battery specific energy and power electronics specific power have the largest impact on improvements in energy savings, and thus they are identified as enablers for efficient hybrid electric aircraft propulsion.
This thesis assesses the performance benefit of electrified propulsion systems for commercial aircraft entering production in a 2035 timeframe. The propulsive power reduction from boundary layer ingestion (BLI), a technology that could be enhanced by electrification, is characterized and bounded by power balance analysis. An aircraft system model extends this analysis to capture the weight and performance trades of electrified architectures, as defined by propulsion system configuration, technology level, and mission. The model quantifies the impact of such architectures on mission energy via optimized aircraft designs. It is found that the propulsive power of a representative narrow-body jet is reduced by 28% with ideal ingestion of the entire boundary layer. Distributed, boundary layer ingesting, turbo-electric aircraft configurations are found to minimize energy consumption for all the missions examined from 500 to 6000 nmi. Energy reductions up to 27% relative to a non-BLI, non-electric, twin-turbofan design are possible. Advanced non-electric aircraft configurations are also examined and found to achieve similar reductions (up to 24%) with fuselage BLI. A parametric characterization of the trade space of electrified configurations illustrates the benefit of a turbo-electric architecture for all the technology levels and missions examined and the limitation of all-electric architecture to mission ranges less than 300 nmi, even with optimistic technology levels.
A comprehensive review of the science and engineering behind future propulsion systems and energy sources in sustainable aviation Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation is a comprehensive reference that offers a review of the science and engineering principles that underpin the concepts of propulsion systems and energy sources in sustainable air transportation. The author, a noted expert in the field, examines the impact of air transportation on the environment and reviews alternative jet fuels, hybrid-electric and nuclear propulsion and power. He also explores modern propulsion for transonic and supersonic-hypersonic aircraft and the impact of propulsion on aircraft design. Climate change is the main driver for the new technology development in sustainable air transportation. The book contains critical review of gas turbine propulsion and aircraft aerodynamics; followed by an insightful presentation of the aviation impact on environment. Future fuels and energy sources are introduced in a separate chapter. Promising technologies in propulsion and energy sources are identified leading to pathways to sustainable aviation. To facilitate the utility of the subject, the book is accompanied by a website that contains illustrations, and equation files. This important book: Contains a comprehensive reference to the science and engineering behind propulsion and power in sustainable air transportation Examines the impact of air transportation on the environment Covers alternative jet fuels and hybrid-electric propulsion and power Discusses modern propulsion for transonic, supersonic and hypersonic aircraft Examines the impact of propulsion system integration on aircraft design Written for engineers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation explores the future of aviation with a guide to sustainable air transportation that includes alternative jet fuels, hybrid-electric propulsion, all-electric and nuclear propulsion.
Next generation aircraft will incorporate more electrical power generation and storage for both a distributed electric propulsion system and onboard subsystems. The power generation in this type of aircraft will require orders of magnitude higher than today's commercial aircrafts, thus producing many challenges. For this reason, a unique, high-powered electric propulsion system primarily powered by a turbo-generator system with electrical storage is being considered. A Simulink/Matlab model has bee created for the electrical power system of the next generation blended wing commercial aircraft proposed by NASA. The components of the electrical system include turbo-generators, generators, battery banks, and electrical distribution systems. This thesis presents the development of the power generation, storage, and transmission of the electrical power required for typical commercial missions. All of the component models are integrated into an aircraft model and used to simulate typical flight profiles. The scalability of the model is demonstrated by developing the required distributed power system for a 50-passenger regional transport aircraft. The benefits of an all-electric aircraft are tremendous, but there are significant challenges in regard to the power generation and distribution requirements.
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 9: Electric Propulsion Development covers the proceedings of the Second Electric Propulsion Conference of the American Rocker Society, held in Berkeley, California on March 14-16, 1962. The conference focuses on the existing problems in electric propulsion and their possible solutions. This book is organized into four sections encompassing 35 chapters. The first section deals with the thermodynamics of arcs; the problems of heat and momentum transfer; the chemical processes within arcs; the arc system materials; and the arc jet design problems. The second section considers the problems of ion systems, the various ion sources, and the neutralization of ion beams. This section also looks into the basic ionization processes, the production and charging of heavy particles, the corrosive properties of cesium, and the ion-optical designs. The third section describes various plasma systems, including helical transmission lines, pulsed pinch accelerators, coaxial systems, and j x B accelerators. The theoretical analyses of these systems are briefly examined. The fourth section includes papers on flight testing of electric propulsion models, on vertical rocket probes, and on satellites, This section also discusses some advanced concepts in electric propulsion, such as air scooping during ascent through the atmosphere, systems design and optimization, and planetary and interplanetary missions. This book is of great value to physicists, space engineers and designers, as well as researchers in the fields of astronautics and aeronautics.