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Biogas plants become more flexible, scheduling their power generation with respect to market prices. For this purpose the electrical capacity of power units is extended to convert the continuously produced gas as well as the gas held in storage. This work has shown how gas plants with extended capacity located at a gas production site can be analyzed on the basis of unit commitment. Mixed integer linear programs (MILP) have been developed for the unit commitment of such plants in different use cases. The models developed consider gas plants at a gas production site participating in German power markets, switching between static and variable gas supply, providing secondary and tertiary control reserve, and claiming the German market and flexibility premium. The models can be applied to plan daily schedules for the operation of these gas plants. Furthermore, the models can be applied to analyze the benefits of extending the electrical or storage capacity of gas plants located at a gas production site. The models calculate the optimized gross income that can be applied as cash flow for determining the net present value (NPV) of investments in extended electrical and storage capacity.
This book presents the state of art of the several advanced approaches to beneficiation of coal. The influence of recent technology attains the advantages of processing coal, purification studies, rheological behavior, and the mineral beneficiation. The experts collected in this volume have contributed significantly to the enrichment in the in depth knowledge not only in context of working knowledge, but also future prospects of clean coal technology.
This study presents options to fully unlock the world’s vast solar PV potential over the period until 2050. It builds on IRENA’s global roadmap to scale up renewables and meet climate goals.
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This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
With the development of renewable electricity and the expected important surpluses of production, how can the use of hydrogen improve the green energy portfolio? Power-to-Gas covers the production of hydrogen through electrolysis and its storage or conversion in another form (gas, chemicals or fuels). It emphasises the need for new technologies with global energy consumption, markets, and logistics concepts. Pilot projects around the world are discussed as well as how policy and economics influence the real use of these energy harvesting and conversion technologies.
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The World Energy Outlook series is a leading source of strategic insight on the future of energy and energy-related emissions, providing detailed scenarios that map out the consequences of different energy policy and investment choices. This year's edition updates the outlooks for all fuels, technologies and regions, based on the latest market data, policy initiatives and cost trends. In addition, the 2019 report tackles some key questions in depth: (i) What do the shale revolution, the rise of liquefied natural gas, the falling costs of renewables and the spread of digital technologies mean for tomorrow's energy supply?; (ii) How can the world get on a pathway to meet global climate targets and other sustainable energy goals?; (iii) What are the energy choices that will shape Africa's future, and how might the rise of the African consumer affect global trends?; (iv) How large a role could offshore wind play in the transformation of the energy sector?; (v) Could the world's gas grids one day deliver low-carbon energy?