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This book includes the theory system of Unified Trade Economics created by the author as a pioneer. This theory system currently contains a total of about 27 theories. Many theories and thoughts in this book are brand new, the innovative concepts or concepts with innovative contents inside include: trade system, trade main body, trade objective body, local trade product/service/profit, local international trade product/service/profit, local international trade returned product/service/profit, import / export / categorized / bilateral/double differentiation/total/cross-border trade indicators, trade balance strength, trade balance strength fall, trade competition coefficient, trade harmony coefficient, trade exchange coefficient, trade correlation coefficient, trade competitiveness index, trade cost, trade revenue, trade efficiency, trade profit, trade profit ratio, trade recall ratio, trade return ratio, trade headback ratio, total circulation trade bubble volume (total value), circulation trade bubble degree, social economic bubble degree (trade), social economic bubble volume (trade), trade participation degree, trade market demand volume, trade market demand degree, production capacity gap, outside regional supply capacity, trade capacity, trade capacity gap, trade capacity realization ratio, excessive trade capacity ratio, excessive export trade capacity ratio, import trade capacity gap ratio, evaluation indicator pair, evaluation indicator set, trade advantage set/sequence, trending exchange rate fluctuation, exchange rate trade cost/revenue/profit, exchange rate trade cost ratio/revenue ratio/profit ratio, economic potential energy level (trade), economic potential energy capacity (trade), environmental economic cost (trade), economic green potential energy (trade), tariff revenue, tariff cost, regional economic trade double accounting system, trade management team size social ratio, trade management team size employment ratio, trade achievement management consumption ratio, trade cost management consumption ratio, trade management team per capita cost, management team per capita trade revenue, management team per capita tariff revenue, growth rate of trade indicators, variation rate of trade indicators, trade property indicator sequence (trade structure), trade concentration degree, trade safety property indicator, regional economic trade ratio indicators, trade economic ratio (outside regional dependence degree), etc.. This book is a better reading for those who are interested in trade economic research, trade economic management, trade finance management, regional economy, and so on. It also has more significance for those who want to engage in or who are engaged in the work of trade economic research, government or economic management.
The authors show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. Since 1990 there has been a renaissance of theoretical and empirical work on the spatial aspects of the economy—that is, where economic activity occurs and why. Using new tools—in particular, modeling techniques developed to analyze industrial organization, international trade, and economic growth—this "new economic geography" has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of contemporary economics. The authors show how seemingly disparate models reflect a few basic themes, and in so doing they develop a common "grammar" for discussing a variety of issues. They show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. This book is the first to provide a sound and unified explanation of the existence of large economic agglomerations at various spatial scales.
Deftly navigating the tensions among globalization, national sovereignty, and democracy, Straight Talk on Trade presents an indispensable commentary on today's world economy and its dilemmas, and offers a visionary framework at a critical time when it is most needed.
We propose a dynamic production function of population health and mortality from birth onwards. Our parsimonious model provides an excellent fit for the mortality and survival curves for both primate and human populations since 1816. The model sheds light on the dynamics behind many phenomena documented in the literature, including (i) the existence and evolution of mortality gradients across socio-economic statuses, (ii) non-monotonic dynamic effects of in-utero shocks, (iii) persistent or “scarring” effects of wars and (iv) mortality displacement after large temporary shocks such as extreme weather.
Revised and updated for the 2nd edition, this textbook guides the reader towards various aspects of growth and international trade in a Diamond-type overlapping generations framework. Using the same model type throughout the book, timely topics such as growth with bubbles, robots and involuntary unemployment, financial integration and house price dynamics, policies to mitigate climate change and the persistence of religion in a globalized market economy are explored. The first part starts from the “old” growth theory and bridges to the “new” growth theory (including R&D and human capital approaches). The second part presents an intertemporal equilibrium theory of inter- and intra-sectoral trade, investigates innovation, growth and trade and limits to public debt as well as nationally and internationally optimal climate policies. The debt dynamics of the Euro Zone and the origins of intra-EMU and Asian-US trade imbalances are also explored. The book is primarily addressed to upper undergraduate and graduate students wishing to proceed to the analytically more demanding journal literature.
For most of the vast span of human history, economic growth was all but nonexistent. Then, about two centuries ago, some nations began to emerge from this epoch of economic stagnation, experiencing sustained economic growth that led to significant increases in standards of living and profoundly altered the level and distribution of wealth, population, education, and health across the globe. The question ever since has been--why? This is the first book to put forward a unified theory of economic growth that accounts for the entire growth process, from the dawn of civilization to today. Oded Galor, who founded the field of unified growth theory, identifies the historical and prehistorical forces behind the differential transition timing from stagnation to growth and the emergence of income disparity around the world. Galor shows how the interaction between technological progress and population ultimately raised the importance of education in coping with the rapidly changing technological environment, brought about significant reduction in fertility rates, and enabled some economies to devote greater resources toward a steady increase in per capita income, paving the way for sustained economic growth. Presents a unified theory of economic growth from the dawn of civilization to today Explains the worldwide disparities in living standards and population we see today Provides a comprehensive overview of the three phases of the development process Analyzes the Malthusian theory and its empirical support Examines theories of demographic transition and their empirical significance Explores the interaction between economic development and human evolution
The development of international trade theory has created a wide array of different theories, concepts and results. Nevertheless, trade theory has been split between partial and conflicting representations of international e- nomic interactions. Diverse trade models have co-existed but not in a structured relationship with each other. Economic students are introduced to international economic interactions with severally incompatible theories in the same course. In order to overcome incoherence among multiple theories, we need a general theoretical framework in a unified manner to draw together all of the disparate branches of trade theory into a single - ganized system of knowledge. This book provides a powerful – but easy to operate - engine of analysis that sheds light not only on trade theory per se, but on many other dim- sions that interact with trade, including inequality, saving propensities, education, research policy, and knowledge. Building and analyzing various tractable and flexible models within a compact whole, the book helps the reader to visualize economic life as an endless succession of physical ca- tal accumulation, human capital accumulation, innovation wrought by competition, monopoly and government intervention. The book starts with the traditional static trade theories. Then, it develops dynamic models with capital and knowledge under perfect competition and/or monopolistic competition. The uniqueness of the book is about modeling trade dyn- ics.
This up-to-date synthesis of the basic tools and survey results in international trade theory is unique in giving factor mobility equal billing with goods trade, highlighting factor flows in the context of a mainstream approach to trade theory. The importance of the international flow of factors has grown in recent decades, primarily because of increasing returns, imperfect competition, multinational corporations, and labor migration; theories of factor mobility and trade in goods can no longer be lumped together. Using sophisticated techniques, as well as simple economic intuitions and easy-to-follow diagrams, Kar-yiu Wong systematically presents within unified frameworks all the basic analytical techniques involved in the theories of international trade and factor mobility. Wong also provides extensive coverage of such issues as interactions between international trade in goods and capital movement, external economies of scale, monopolistic competition and differentiated products, oligopoly, welfare economics of international trade, and policy analysis for various models, and he devotes two separate chapters to multinational corporations and international labor migration. New techniques and approaches to these issues are suggested, and new results obtained for many of them. For instance, the discussion of intra-industry trade in the presence of positive transport cost and arbitrage is new, as is the systematic examination of the relationship between international trade in goods and factor mobility with external economies of scale, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Of particular importance to trade theorists, these issues serve as the link between neoclassical and imperfect-competition models.
作者在这本论著中首创性地提出了统一的贸易经济学的理论体系。这一理论体系目前共包含约27个理论。统一的贸易经济学将各个层次经济系统的贸易关系的理论统一了起来，使其不仅可以应用于区域经济贸易，国际贸易，还可以推广应用到微观经济系统。统一的贸易经济学也实现了备战学派所主张的对经济现实的可触摸性和可计算性。统一的贸易经济学较为全面地分析了区域经济贸易的各种特性，并建立起较为完整的具有独创性的区域经济贸易评价体系。 这本书中的很多理论和思想都是很崭新的，其中所包含的创新概念或具有创新内容的概念有：贸易系统，贸易主体，贸易客体，本地贸易产品/服务/利润，本地国际化贸易产品/服务/利润，本地国际化贸易回归产品/服务/利润，进口/出口/类别性/双边性/双区分/总体性/跨境性贸易指标，贸易差额强度，贸易差额强度落差，贸易竞争系数，贸易和谐系数，贸易交换系数，贸易相关系数，贸易竞争力指数，贸易成本，贸易收入，贸易效率，贸易利润，贸易利润比率，贸易回头率，贸易召回率，贸易折返率，流通性贸易泡沫总量（总值），流通性贸易泡沫度，社会性经济泡沫度（贸易），社会性经济泡沫量（贸易），贸易参与度，贸易市场需求量，贸易市场需求度，产能缺口，区域外供应能力，贸易能力，贸易能力缺口，贸易能力实现率，过剩贸易能力比率，过剩出口贸易能力比率，进口贸易能力缺口比率，评估指标对，评估指标集合，贸易优势集合/序列，趋势性汇率波动，汇率性贸易成本/收入/利润，汇率性贸易成本比率/收入比率/利润比率，经济势能水平（贸易），经济势能容量（贸易），环境经济代价（贸易），经济绿色势能（贸易），关税收入，关税成本，贸易管理团队规模社会性比率，贸易管理团队规模就业性比率，贸易成果性管理消耗比，贸易成本性管理消耗比，贸易管理团队的人均管理成本，管理团队人均贸易收入，管理团队人均关税收入，贸易指标增速，贸易指标变异度，贸易特性指标序列（贸易结构），贸易集中度，贸易安全特性指标，区域经济贸易双核算体系，区域经济贸易比例指标，贸易经济比重（域外依赖度），等等。统一的贸易经济学必将成为我们共有的航行在太空中的宇宙飞船的国际贸易体系的理论基础。 这本论著对于那些对贸易经济研究，贸易经济管理，贸易财务管理，区域经济等感兴趣的人士应该是一本比较好的开拓思维的读本。对于从事和希望从事贸易经济研究工作，政府工作或经济管理工作的人士也是比较有意义的。
Nobel-Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman argues that business leaders need to understand the differences between economic policy on the national and international scale and business strategy on the organizational scale. Economists deal with the closed system of a national economy, whereas executives live in the open-system world of business. Moreover, economists know that an economy must be run on the basis of general principles, but businesspeople are forever in search of the particular brilliant strategy. Krugman's article serves to elucidate the world of economics for businesspeople who are so close to it and yet are continually frustrated by what they see. Since 1922, Harvard Business Review has been a leading source of breakthrough management ideas-many of which still speak to and influence us today. The Harvard Business Review Classics series now offers readers the opportunity to make these seminal pieces a part of your permanent management library. Each highly readable volume contains a groundbreaking idea that continues to shape best practices and inspire countless managers around the world-and will have a direct impact on you today and for years to come.