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This book consists of three sections: the first section is the theory system of Unified Economics that I proposed as a pioneer. This theory system currently contains a total of about 30 theories. Unified economics unified microeconomics, medium-sized economics and macroeconomics together. Unified economics achieves the touchability and calculability of economic reality as advocated by Beizhan school of thought. Unified economics analyzed various properties of regional economy comprehensively, and established a more complete and national economic evaluation system with uniqueness. The second section mainly includes my elaboration on the election finance system. The third section mainly includes my elaborations on other economic issues, such as: currency finance economy, real estate economy, and so on. I hope that my economic theories and thoughts can provide strong guidance for the economic development of all countries in the world, and provide strong theoretical supports for the realization of equitable development, common development and sustainable development in the world. Many theories and thoughts in this book are brand new, the innovative concepts included inside include: economic bubble volume and economic bubble degree, economic wheel, economic potential energy, sentinel value, internationalization index of economic wheel, economic tightness degree, market demand degree and market demand volume, economic development degree, market transformation rate, market inventory rate/market inventory volume/monetized inventory volume, management team size social ratio, management team size employment ratio, achievement management consumption ratio, cost management consumption ratio, the per capita management cost of the management team, management team per capita profit value of public management, economic green potential energy, environmental economic cost, economic equality degree, economic equality fall, economic monopoly degree, economic monopoly volume, the advantages of regional economy, regional economic competitiveness, benefit acquiring capability, adequacy degree, adequacy volume, advantage set and advantage sequence, the livelihood of people, interest acquisition property of people's livelihood, interest contribution property of people's livelihood, interest acquisition property of finance, interest contribution property of finance, economic efficiency, marketized economic efficiency, environmental production cost ratio, integrated cost, marketized production value, green production value, marketized production value ratio, green production value ratio, marketized GDP, regional economic participation degree, three forms of currency (productive currency, consumption currency and silent currency), regional currency total, regional pure currency total and regional circulation currency total, productive currency ratio, consumption currency ratio and silent currency ratio, the expired productive currency (expired currency), the lost productive currency (lost currency), double-side currency expiration ratio, double-side currency lost ratio, double-side currency steering ratio, international market dependence degree, international supply dependence degree, economic concentration degree (product concentration degree, market concentration degree, industry concentration degree), overall competitiveness of regional economy (core competitiveness, auxiliary competitiveness, supportive competitiveness of regional economy), core national economic accounting system, Beizhan double accounting system of regional economy, declaration form of personal environmental protection, declaration form of community environmental protection, declaration form of enterprise/organization environmental protection, environmental balance sheet, economic green potential energy balance sheet, actual production capacity, production capacity, excessive production capacity (excessive capacity), production capacity realization ratio, excessive production capacity ratio, innovation capability and innovation efficiency, innovation transformation capability, innovation transformation efficiency, innovation capability ratio, innovation transformation capability ratio, etc.. This book is a better reading to open up thoughts for those who are interested in economic research, economic management, finance management, currency finance economic management, real estate economic management, and so on. It also has more significance for those who want to engage in or who are engaged in the work of economic research, government, economic management, currency finance economic management and real estate economic management. Unified Economics will be the theoretical foundation of the economic structure of we all owned the spacecraft sailing in the space. In this second edition, two more chapters are added: one chapter is about production capacity indicator system of regional economy; one chapter is about innovation property and indicator system of regional economy, so as to make the content of Unified Economics more rich and complete.
For most of the vast span of human history, economic growth was all but nonexistent. Then, about two centuries ago, some nations began to emerge from this epoch of economic stagnation, experiencing sustained economic growth that led to significant increases in standards of living and profoundly altered the level and distribution of wealth, population, education, and health across the globe. The question ever since has been--why? This is the first book to put forward a unified theory of economic growth that accounts for the entire growth process, from the dawn of civilization to today. Oded Galor, who founded the field of unified growth theory, identifies the historical and prehistorical forces behind the differential transition timing from stagnation to growth and the emergence of income disparity around the world. Galor shows how the interaction between technological progress and population ultimately raised the importance of education in coping with the rapidly changing technological environment, brought about significant reduction in fertility rates, and enabled some economies to devote greater resources toward a steady increase in per capita income, paving the way for sustained economic growth. Presents a unified theory of economic growth from the dawn of civilization to today Explains the worldwide disparities in living standards and population we see today Provides a comprehensive overview of the three phases of the development process Analyzes the Malthusian theory and its empirical support Examines theories of demographic transition and their empirical significance Explores the interaction between economic development and human evolution
Since his pioneering application of economic analysis to racial discrimination, Gary S. Becker has shown that an economic approach can provide a unified framework for understanding all human behavior. In a highly readable selection of essays Becker applies this approach to various aspects of human activity, including social interactions; crime and punishment; marriage, fertility, and the family; and "irrational" behavior. "Becker's highly regarded work in economics is most notable in the imaginative application of 'the economic approach' to a surprising breadth of human activity. Becker's essays over the years have inevitably inspired a surge of research activity in testimony to the richness of his insights into human activities lying 'outside' the traditionally conceived economic markets. Perhaps no economist in our time has contributed more to expanding the area of interest to economists than Becker, and a number of these thought-provoking essays are collected in this book."—Choice Gary Becker was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1992.
An integrated approach to the economics of sovereign default Fiscal crises and sovereign default repeatedly threaten the stability and growth of economies around the world. Mark Aguiar and Manuel Amador provide a unified and tractable theoretical framework that elucidates the key economics behind sovereign debt markets, shedding light on the frictions and inefficiencies that prevent the smooth functioning of these markets, and proposing sensible approaches to sovereign debt management. The Economics of Sovereign Debt and Default looks at the core friction unique to sovereign debt—the lack of strong legal enforcement—and goes on to examine additional frictions such as deadweight costs of default, vulnerability to runs, the incentive to “dilute” existing creditors, and sovereign debt’s distortion of investment and growth. The book uses the tractable framework to isolate how each additional friction affects the equilibrium outcome, and illustrates its counterpart using state-of-the-art computational modeling. The novel approach presented here contrasts the outcome of a constrained efficient allocation—one chosen to maximize the joint surplus of creditors and government—with the competitive equilibrium outcome. This allows for a clear analysis of the extent to which equilibrium prices efficiently guide the government’s debt and default decisions, and of what drives divergences with the efficient outcome. Providing an integrated approach to sovereign debt and default, this incisive and authoritative book is an ideal resource for researchers and graduate students interested in this important topic.
The authors show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. Since 1990 there has been a renaissance of theoretical and empirical work on the spatial aspects of the economy—that is, where economic activity occurs and why. Using new tools—in particular, modeling techniques developed to analyze industrial organization, international trade, and economic growth—this "new economic geography" has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of contemporary economics. The authors show how seemingly disparate models reflect a few basic themes, and in so doing they develop a common "grammar" for discussing a variety of issues. They show how a common approach that emphasizes the three-way interaction among increasing returns, transportation costs, and the movement of productive factors can be applied to a wide range of issues in urban, regional, and international economics. This book is the first to provide a sound and unified explanation of the existence of large economic agglomerations at various spatial scales.
This book includes the theory system of Unified Trade Economics created by the author as a pioneer. This theory system currently contains a total of about 27 theories. Many theories and thoughts in this book are brand new, the innovative concepts or concepts with innovative contents inside include: trade system, trade main body, trade objective body, local trade product/service/profit, local international trade product/service/profit, local international trade returned product/service/profit, import / export / categorized / bilateral/double differentiation/total/cross-border trade indicators, trade balance strength, trade balance strength fall, trade competition coefficient, trade harmony coefficient, trade exchange coefficient, trade correlation coefficient, trade competitiveness index, trade cost, trade revenue, trade efficiency, trade profit, trade profit ratio, trade recall ratio, trade return ratio, trade headback ratio, total circulation trade bubble volume (total value), circulation trade bubble degree, social economic bubble degree (trade), social economic bubble volume (trade), trade participation degree, trade market demand volume, trade market demand degree, production capacity gap, outside regional supply capacity, trade capacity, trade capacity gap, trade capacity realization ratio, excessive trade capacity ratio, excessive export trade capacity ratio, import trade capacity gap ratio, evaluation indicator pair, evaluation indicator set, trade advantage set/sequence, trending exchange rate fluctuation, exchange rate trade cost/revenue/profit, exchange rate trade cost ratio/revenue ratio/profit ratio, economic potential energy level (trade), economic potential energy capacity (trade), environmental economic cost (trade), economic green potential energy (trade), tariff revenue, tariff cost, regional economic trade double accounting system, trade management team size social ratio, trade management team size employment ratio, trade achievement management consumption ratio, trade cost management consumption ratio, trade management team per capita cost, management team per capita trade revenue, management team per capita tariff revenue, growth rate of trade indicators, variation rate of trade indicators, trade property indicator sequence (trade structure), trade concentration degree, trade safety property indicator, regional economic trade ratio indicators, trade economic ratio (outside regional dependence degree), etc.. This book is a better reading for those who are interested in trade economic research, trade economic management, trade finance management, regional economy, and so on. It also has more significance for those who want to engage in or who are engaged in the work of trade economic research, government or economic management.
Chicagonomics explores the history and development of classical liberalism as taught and explored at the University of Chicago. Ebenstein's tenth book in the history of economic and political thought, it deals specifically in the area of classical liberalism, examining the ideas of Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, and is the first comprehensive history of economics at the University of Chicago from the founding of the University in 1892 until the present. The reader will learn why Chicago had such influence, to what extent different schools of thought in economics existed at Chicago, the Chicago tradition, vision, and what Chicago economic perspectives have to say about current economic and social circumstances. Ebenstein enlightens the personal and intellectual relationships among leading figures in economics at the University of Chicago, including Jacob Viner, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Aaron Director, and Friedrich Hayek. He recasts classical liberal thought from Adam Smith to the present.
作者在这本论著中首创性地提出了统一的贸易经济学的理论体系。这一理论体系目前共包含约27个理论。统一的贸易经济学将各个层次经济系统的贸易关系的理论统一了起来，使其不仅可以应用于区域经济贸易，国际贸易，还可以推广应用到微观经济系统。统一的贸易经济学也实现了备战学派所主张的对经济现实的可触摸性和可计算性。统一的贸易经济学较为全面地分析了区域经济贸易的各种特性，并建立起较为完整的具有独创性的区域经济贸易评价体系。 这本书中的很多理论和思想都是很崭新的，其中所包含的创新概念或具有创新内容的概念有：贸易系统，贸易主体，贸易客体，本地贸易产品/服务/利润，本地国际化贸易产品/服务/利润，本地国际化贸易回归产品/服务/利润，进口/出口/类别性/双边性/双区分/总体性/跨境性贸易指标，贸易差额强度，贸易差额强度落差，贸易竞争系数，贸易和谐系数，贸易交换系数，贸易相关系数，贸易竞争力指数，贸易成本，贸易收入，贸易效率，贸易利润，贸易利润比率，贸易回头率，贸易召回率，贸易折返率，流通性贸易泡沫总量（总值），流通性贸易泡沫度，社会性经济泡沫度（贸易），社会性经济泡沫量（贸易），贸易参与度，贸易市场需求量，贸易市场需求度，产能缺口，区域外供应能力，贸易能力，贸易能力缺口，贸易能力实现率，过剩贸易能力比率，过剩出口贸易能力比率，进口贸易能力缺口比率，评估指标对，评估指标集合，贸易优势集合/序列，趋势性汇率波动，汇率性贸易成本/收入/利润，汇率性贸易成本比率/收入比率/利润比率，经济势能水平（贸易），经济势能容量（贸易），环境经济代价（贸易），经济绿色势能（贸易），关税收入，关税成本，贸易管理团队规模社会性比率，贸易管理团队规模就业性比率，贸易成果性管理消耗比，贸易成本性管理消耗比，贸易管理团队的人均管理成本，管理团队人均贸易收入，管理团队人均关税收入，贸易指标增速，贸易指标变异度，贸易特性指标序列（贸易结构），贸易集中度，贸易安全特性指标，区域经济贸易双核算体系，区域经济贸易比例指标，贸易经济比重（域外依赖度），等等。统一的贸易经济学必将成为我们共有的航行在太空中的宇宙飞船的国际贸易体系的理论基础。 这本论著对于那些对贸易经济研究，贸易经济管理，贸易财务管理，区域经济等感兴趣的人士应该是一本比较好的开拓思维的读本。对于从事和希望从事贸易经济研究工作，政府工作或经济管理工作的人士也是比较有意义的。
We propose a dynamic production function of population health and mortality from birth onwards. Our parsimonious model provides an excellent fit for the mortality and survival curves for both primate and human populations since 1816. The model sheds light on the dynamics behind many phenomena documented in the literature, including (i) the existence and evolution of mortality gradients across socio-economic statuses, (ii) non-monotonic dynamic effects of in-utero shocks, (iii) persistent or “scarring” effects of wars and (iv) mortality displacement after large temporary shocks such as extreme weather.