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This book provides a detailed roadmap of technical, economic, and institutional actions by the wind industry, the wind research community, and others to optimize wind's potential contribution to a cleaner, more reliable, low-carbon, domestic energy generation portfolio, utilizing U.S. manu-facturing and a U.S. workforce. The roadmap is intended to be the beginning of an evolving, collaborative, and necessarily dynamic process. It thus suggests an approach of continual updates at least every two years, informed by its analysis activities. Roadmap actions are identified in nine topical areas, introduced below.
"Tens of thousands of wind turbines are in operation worldwide today. This book gives a detailed account of the rise of modern wind energy technology in California and Denmark, its cradle. There is a world of difference between the approaches to the development of wind power in these two countries. In Denmark, groups of neighbors stimulated its decentralized, small-scale use and gradual development, while futuristic-looking large-scale wind farms sprouted like mushrooms on the Californian hills. However, the thriving Californian market did not result in a successful American wind turbine industry. In contrast, the Danish industry currently produces more than half the world output of turbines. In 'Winds of Change', Rinie van Est describes how and to what extent public policies influenced the development of wind energy technology and industry in California and Denmark. He explains the marked differences between the two countries by looking at the way in which policy makers, technicians and entrepreneurs - in interplay - shaped the development of wind power. The book also explores how national political and techno-economic traditions guided the activities of these innovators. The book is highly relevant for policy experts, those working in R&D, corporate managers, environmentalists, scientists and technologists who are looking for ways to keep technological innovation in line with social needs and public demands."--Omslag.
This study presents options to speed up the deployment of wind power, both onshore and offshore, until 2050. It builds on IRENA’s global roadmap to scale up renewables and meet climate goals.
California is increasing the percentage of its electrical energy supply from renewable energy resources. The motivation to shift from fossil fuel fired electric power plants to renewables is to mitigate the health and environmental consequences of combusting fossil fuels. The primary challenge to supplying the demand for electricity with renewables is the variable and uncertain generation of electric power from renewable energy resources. This dissertation focuses on the contribution of renewable resources themselves to mitigate their own variability and uncertainty through the synergistic combination of co-located offshore wind and wave energy and the quantification of specific time of day impacts of wind power to the California electric power system. Large untapped renewable energy resources of offshore wind and wave energy exist for California to meet its renewable energy goals, and these resources are quantified as time series of electric power production to further explore their benefits. Existing grid integration methodologies are, for the first time, extended to combined offshore wind and wave energy farms in the U.S. and the benefits of co-locating offshore wind turbines and wave energy devices are quantified. The primary benefits of combining offshore wind and wave energy identified are: (1) a reduction in the hours of no power output and a resulting increase in the capacity value of the combined farms to the electric power system; (2) a reduction in the hourly variability of power output which reduces the operating reserve requirement to manage variable power output from renewables; (3) a reduction in transmission capacity required to interconnect an offshore farm which reduces capital costs and creates a farm with a more consistent power output over a smaller range. The variability and uncertainty of onshore wind power are quantified for the California power system when it builds the projected wind capacity to meet its 33% Renewable Portfolio Standard by 2020. The variability and uncertainty are combined with the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power to identify the net, if any, increase in the system variability and uncertainty that would require additional resources to balance the system given rapid changes (variability) and forecast errors in demand, generation, and transmission (uncertainty). The analysis included a diurnal examination of the variability and uncertainty that more accurately reflects the characteristics of the thermal wind regimes of California. The key results were (1) the California system should see no net increase in variability from that already present in the system; (2) the system will see more, but not greater variability, during the afternoon hours from the pattern of California wind power output; (3) the forecast error will increase for the California system over current forecast errors with the addition of wind power that will require additional resources like operating reserve to manage the large errors, but (4) the daily cycle of these greater forecast errors mitigates some of the challenges they may present because of the state of the power system and the generators online when these errors occur.
The global demand for clean, renewable energy has rapidly expanded in recent years and will likely continue to escalate in the decades to come. Wind and solar energy systems often require large quantities of land and airspace, so their growing presence is generating a diverse array of new and challenging land use conflicts. Wind turbines can create noise, disrupt views or radar systems, and threaten bird populations. Solar energy projects can cause glare effects, impact pristine wilderness areas, and deplete water resources. Developers must successfully navigate through these and myriad other land use conflicts to complete any renewable energy project. Policymakers are increasingly confronted with disputes over these issues and are searching for rules to effectively govern them. Tailoring innovative policies to address the unique conflicts that arise in the context of renewable energy development is crucial to ensuring that the law facilitates rather than impedes the continued growth of this important industry. This book describes and analyses the property and land use policy questions that most commonly arise in renewable energy development. Although it focuses primarily on issues that have arisen within the United States, the book’s discussions of international policy differences and critiques of existing approaches make it a valuable resource for anyone exploring these issues in a professional setting anywhere in the world.