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Lithium batteries profoundly impact our society, from portable electronics to the electrification of transportation and even to grid−scale energy storage for intermittent renewable energies. In order to achieve much higher energy density than the state−of−the−art, new battery chemistries are currently being actively investigated. Among all the possible material choices, metallic lithium is the ultimate candidate for battery anode, thanks to its highest theoretical capacity. Therefore, after falling into oblivion for several decades due to safety concerns, metallic Li is now ready for a revival. In the first chapter, I introduce the working mechanisms and limitations of the state−of−the−art battery chemistries and provide an overview of promising new battery chemistries based on metallic lithium anode. The current status of lithium metal anode research is also comprehensively summarized. In the second chapter, I discuss one particular failure mode of metallic lithium anode that has long been overlooked by the battery community, which is the infinite relative volume change of the electrode during cycling. To tackle this problem, novel three−dimensional lithium metal−host material composite designs will be demonstrated. Chapter three focuses on further improving the electrochemical performance of three−dimensional lithium metal anodes with surface coatings. Two examples of lithium metal coatings are given, which have been demonstrated effective for protecting reactive lithium from parasitic reactions with liquid electrolytes and mechanically suppressing nonuniform lithium deposition morphology. Chapter four discusses how the physiochemical properties of the solid−electrolyte interphase, dictated by electrolyte composition, affect the electrochemical behavior of metallic lithium. A special electrolyte additive has been discovered to enable high efficiency lithium cycling in carbonate−based electrolytes used exclusively in almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the improved performance have been studied based on the structure, ion−transport properties, and charge−transfer kinetics of the modified interfacial environment using advanced characterization techniques. In Chapter five, I explore a paradigm shift in designing solid−state lithium metal batteries based on three−dimensional lithium architecture and a flowable interfacial layer. The new design concept can be generally applied to various solid electrolyte systems and the resulting solid-state batteries are capable of high−capacity, high−power operations. In the final part of the dissertation, I present my perspectives and outlooks for the future research in this field. The commercialization of high−energy and safe batteries based on lithium metal chemistry requires continuous efforts in various aspects, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, development of advanced characterization/diagnosis technologies, full−battery engineering, and possible sensor design for safe battery operation, etc. Ultimately, the combinations of various approaches might be required to make lithium metal anode a viable technology.
This book covers both the fundamental and applied aspects of advanced Na-ion batteries (NIB) which have proven to be a potential challenger to Li-ion batteries. Both the chemistry and design of positive and negative electrode materials are examined. In NIB, the electrolyte is also a crucial part of the batteries and the recent research, showing a possible alternative to classical electrolytes – with the development of ionic liquid-based electrolytes – is also explored. Cycling performance in NIB is also strongly associated with the quality of the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrolyte degradation takes place; thus, Na-ion Batteries details the recent achievements in furthering knowledge of this interface. Finally, as the ultimate goal is commercialization of this new electrical storage technology, the last chapters are dedicated to the industrial point of view, given by two startup companies, who developed two different NIB chemistries for complementary applications and markets.
Papers presented at a symposium in Toronto, June 1988, trace the development of the field from the 1800 discovery that hydrogen and oxygen come from water to the flashlight batteries and cheap throw- away alumnimum of today. The 39 chapters discuss the major events and technologies of classical and fundamental electrochemistry, electrosynthesis, electroanalytic chemistry, industrial electrochemistry, electrode systems, and pH measurement. Contains information otherwise not collected, so of interest to science historians as well as specialists. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
This book is a reissue of a classic Oxford text, and provides a comprehensive treatment of electron paramagnetic resonance of ions of the transition groups. The emphasis is on basic principles, with numerous references to publications containing further experimental results and more detailed developments of the theory. An introductory survey gives a general understanding, and a general survey presents such topics as the classical and quantum resonance equations, the spin-Hamiltonian, Endor, spin-spin and spin-lattice interactions, together with an outline of the known behaviour of ions of each of the five transition groups, at the experimentalist's level. Finally a theoretical survey, using group theory and symmetry properties, discusses the fundamentals of the theory of paramagnetism.
The use of magnesium alloys is increasing in a range of applications, and their popularity is growing wherever lightweight materials are needed. This book provides a comprehensive account of the corrosion of magnesium alloys. It covers not only the corrosion performances and mechanisms of Mg alloys in conventional environments, such as sodium chloride solutions, but also looks at their corrosion behaviours in special media, like engine coolants and simulated body fluids. Part one covers fundamentals such as the corrosion electrochemistry, activity and passivity of magnesium and its alloys. Part two then considers the metallurgical effect in relation to the corrosion of magnesium alloys, including the role of micro-structure and earth-rare elements, the corrosion behaviour of magnesium-based bulk metallic glasses, and the corrosion of innovative magnesium alloys. Part three goes on to describe environmental influences on the corrosion of magnesium alloys, such as atmospheric corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, creep and fatigue behaviour, and galvanic corrosion. Finally, part four is concerned with various means of protecting magnesium alloys against corrosion through the use of aluminium electrodeposition, conversion and electrophoretic coatings, and anodisation. With its distinguished editor and team of contributors, this book is an invaluable resource for metallurgists, engineers and designers working with magnesium and its alloys, as well as professionals in the aerospace and automotive industries.
Lithium secondary batteries have been key to mobile electronics since 1990. Large-format batteries typically for electric vehicles and energy storage systems are attracting much attention due to current energy and environmental issues. Lithium batteries are expected to play a central role in boosting green technologies. Therefore, a large number of scientists and engineers are carrying out research and development on lithium secondary batteries. The book is written in a straightforward fashion suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as scientists, and engineers starting out in the field. The chapters in this book have been thoroughly edited by a collective of experts to achieve a cohesive book with a consistent style, level, and philosophy. They cover a wide range of topics, including principles and technologies of key materials such as the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Battery technologies such as design, manufacturing processes, and evaluation methods as well as applications are addressed. In addition, analytical methods for determining electrochemical and other properties of batteries are also included. Hence, this book is a must-have for everyone interested in obtaining all the basic information on lithium secondary batteries.
This book provides an introduction to the underlying theory, fundamentals, and applications of EPR spectroscopy, as well as new developments in the area. Knowledge of the topics presented will allow the reader to interpret of a wide range of EPR spectra, as well as help them to apply EPR techniques to problem solving in a wide range of areas: organic, inorganic, biological, and analytical chemistry; chemical physics, geophysics, and minerology. Includes updated information on high frequency and multi-frequency EPR, pulsed microwave techniques and spectra analysis, dynamic effects, relaxation phenomena, computer-based spectra simulation, biomedical aspects of EPR, and more Equips readers with sufficient knowledge of EPR techniques to go on in their specialized area of interest Provides problem sets and concise bibliographies at the end of each chapter, plus several tutorial appendices on topics like mathematical operations, quantum mechanics of angular momentum, experimental considerations.
The electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.