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Prologue. Money governs our values and judgments, harshly testing our perception and weight of life. Without a philosophical understanding of money, passion for money falls into pathological obsession and distorts into neurotic greed. Based on the philosophy of money, if life is constantly filled with fantasy and investment, the journey of life as Homo Ludens, the playing man, begins. Understanding money, which is both a concrete object and an abstract symbol, widely and deeply, is not easy, but it approaches money through the philosophy, symbols, wars, worlds, and aesthetics of money. Based on the philosophy of money, we examine the concreteness and abstractness of money, focusing on substance rather than pretext, as the basis of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. With wisdom and reverence for both the concrete and abstract aspects of money, we affirm the beauty of life.
Prologue. Homer and Hesiod, who encapsulated human desires and ideals, as well as human limitations and imagination, highlight humanity through their mythological elements. Unlike Bulfinch, who viewed myths as tools for Enlightenment teachings, Homer and Hesiod prioritize human values such as honor, courage, and labor. For them, the Greek human is a curious being, questioning everything and exploring to understand, embodying a fantastical race. They challenge the authority of the gods by integrating the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences into a systematic conception of knowledge. Stripping away the myths shrouded in clouds, they reveal the clarity of all concepts under the bright Mediterranean sunlight. Dutch historian Johan Huizinga also illuminated the dark ages with his work "The Autumn of the Middle Ages" (1919), encouraging a deeper perspective on life through the living humanities. Through humanistic thought grounded in history, we come to understand and engage with the world. By probing into humanistic questions and answers, we uncover symbols of play embedded in the twilight and moonlight, filling life with fantasy. The quality of fantasy is determined by the accumulated knowledge and intellectual capacity of individuals. When the journey of fantasy is beneficial and enjoyable, it transforms into genuine play, yielding riches for oneself and others.
Prologue. Romanticism despaired over the destructive and dark aspects of reason that became evident after the French Revolution of 1789. When radical and cruel reason shattered and collapsed all principles and orders, it bred a deep distrust and skepticism toward reason. Amid the ruins of the mind, Romanticism turned inward, seeking individuality and emotion based on self-confirmation and human instinctive desires. While Romanticism clearly emerged as a reaction against Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, it neither ignored nor rejected reason. Instead, it viewed absolute and universal reason as something that evolves with historical flow, perceiving society as an organism undergoing birth, growth, decline, and extinction. Just as Romanticism rebelled against the norms of the Age of Reason, scientific rationalism, and the Industrial Revolution, Realism opposed the exaggerated emotionalism and subjectivism of Romanticism. Focusing on the unpleasant and ugly realities revealed by the February Revolution of 1848, Realism aimed to objectify the lives of the middle and lower classes. It posited that uncomfortable truths are inherent in human conceptual systems and linguistic practices. Realism concerned itself with how things appear in order to view unidealized subjects and events. Thus, it attempted to depict and faithfully express facts existing in third-person objective reality according to secular and empirical rules, without embellishment or interpretation. This book approaches 15 films from the UK, Japan, and France through the intersection of emotion and thought. It contemplates the universal human emotions and experiences contained within the precarious spectacles of these three nations\' histories. By breaking free from prescribed emotional lines and the uncomfortable framework of fixed thought, this book reads the UK, Japan, and France through their cinematic narratives. Even when the film ends, it remains an unsettling stimulus with an unknown conclusion.
Prologue. In times of economic transition, changes always occur in three areas. First, there is a lack of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial spirit, which is crucial to navigate through complex and chaotic times, is in absolute short supply. Second, the dominant institution shifts from corporations to individuals. What once could only be done by large companies can now be accomplished by individuals. Third, the dominant actor shifts from the CEO to the individual entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs create their own systems and work according to the systems they have built. If one overcomes the intense challenges of the night with entrepreneurship, one can grasp an unprecedented level of wealth and freedom, as well as the meaning of work and life in human history. What is dangerous is actually safer. The eminent Islamic historian Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) mentioned the concept of \'desert people\' in his \'Muqaddimah\'. Desert people live apart from the community, dwelling alone. Without city walls, they are always cautiously vigilant in all directions. They protect themselves with only bold courage. City dwellers, accustomed to success and luxury, indulge in worldly desires. They lack courage due to laziness and complacency. They have an unshakeable belief in the security of the walls surrounding them. People who allow someone else to design their lives enjoy only minimal freedom. They are assigned clearly defined tasks and roles at work. On the other hand, those who define and design their own lives tackle complex problems. They demonstrate a high level of competence in the quality of life, freedom, and wealth. Based on a philosophical understanding of wealth, they amplify the bidirectional feedback mechanism of error and recursion through a roadmap of wealth.
The daily average foreign exchange transaction volume in 2023, as announced by the Bank of Korea, is $65.9 billion. Excluding spot and forward exchange transactions, most of the transactions are conducted by forces aiming for currency speculation. Funds move at the speed of light, and if 0.1% of $3 billion moves, it results in a profit of $3 million. Due to financial liberalization through globalization, exchange rates are determined not only by the movement of goods and services but also by the flow of capital. International financial transactions precede trade transactions, and money exceeding fifty times the real economy seeks higher returns, searching every corner of the globe. As it becomes harder to find good returns due to overinvestment and overproduction, companies rely on 'technical trading' and 'momentum investing' for very short-term gains rather than investing based on long-term outlooks and intrinsic value. Thus, a financial crisis in a specific country spreads to our exchange rate fluctuations or financial crises. Stiglitz won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on the asymmetry of information and the imperfection of markets. Market imperfections arise from game-theoretic environments caused by gaps in information, leading to interactions between uncertain elements in the understanding of markets and events. Our decisions, based on human knowledge, result in unintended consequences, but the amount of information gained from failure is greater than from success. Based on a philosophical understanding of wealth, we read the codes of the economy, amplifying the bidirectional feedback mechanism of error and recursion.
Is the Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) knowledge management's killer app? Leading expert Joseph M. Firestone, the first author to formulate the idea of the Enterprise Knowledge Portal, breaks new ground and looks to the future with a practical, but comprehensive approach to enterprise portals and their relationship to knowledge management. Providing a clear and novel overview, Firestone tackles a wide range of topics ranging from functional EIP applications, estimating costs and benefits of EIPs, variations in EIP technical architecture, the role of intelligent agents, the nature of knowledge management, portal product/solution segmentation, portal product case studies, to the future of the EIP space. 'Enterprise Information Portals and Knowledge Management' is the book on portals you've been waiting for. It is the only book that thoroughly considers, explores, and analyzes: * The EIP orientation, outlook and evolution * A new methodology for estimating EIP benefits and costs * EIP and Enterprise Knowledge Portals (EKP) architecture * The approaching role of software agents in EIPs and EKPs * The current and future contribution of EIP and EKP solutions to Knowledge Management * The role of XML in portal architecture * A comprehensive, multi-dimensional, and forward-looking segmentation of EIP products accompanied by portal product case studies * Where EIP sector companies are headed and the pathways they will follow to get there
Our lives as human beings are characterized by production and use of social resources, material (e.g., money and physical possessions) as well as immaterial (such as love, knowledge, and power). Distribution and exchange of these resources are central to individuals’ physical and mental health and quality of life. Over the past four decades, Social Resource Theory (SRT) has evolved to build vital links between social psychology and public policy, providing a valuable lens for understanding and addressing social class, inequality, and injustice. The recent conceptual and theoretical developments and future prospects of this robust field are on full display in this Handbook of Social Resource Theory. An international, interdisciplinary panel of experts expands on the pioneering work of the late Dr. Uriel Foa and his wife Edna Foa, starting with the basic structure of SRT. The Handbook includes integrations of SRT with other social scientific frameworks, analyses of organizational and cultural issues, reports of empirical research using various methods, as well as applications to different areas including: Social justice Quality of life Interpersonal relationships Social dilemmas Stress management Work satisfaction Cognitive development Consumer behavior Cross-cultural behavior Covering human social transactions from the interpersonal to the intercultural levels, the Handbook of Social Resource Theory extends this relevant line of study to enhance the work of social psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and public policy makers. “The Handbook presents the basic tenets of the social resource theory originated from the late Uriel Foa and provides an authoritative agenda for the future developments of this theory. Kjell Törnblom and Ali Kazemi have made an excellent job in gathering a global group of contributing scholars representing an outstanding mix of respected and long-standing researchers in social psychology, sociology, psychology, management, economics and marketing, political science, history, and applied ethics/philosophy. This Handbook is an ideal resource for researchers, instructors, and graduate students in all these fields with an interest in social resource theory.” Edna B. Foa Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Pennsylvania “Uriel Foa (1916-1990) developed social resource theory in the 1960s. In the next half century this theory has generated an enormous amount of new data and theory in social, cross-cultural, and educational psychology, as well as in related disciplines. It has inspired work on interpersonal relationships, attributions, the understanding of status, morality, distributive justice, procedural justice, social dilemmas, interpersonal evaluation, biosocial theory, and action construal. Applications in both organizational and educational settings and in marketing studies indicate the theory’s relevance for the “real world.” This volume edited by Kjell Törnblom and Ali Kazemi is the wonderful Festschrift that Foa did not have, because he died when he was too young by contemporary life expectancy standards. It includes chapters by many of the stars of the fields that social resource theory has influenced.” Harry C. Triandis Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois “Forty years ago Edna and Uriel Foa began to spell out the unwritten social rules by which we trade – on a daily basis – friendship, information, respect, gifts, favors and other rewards and punishments. Sociologists, psychologists, economists, and others owe the editors a tremendous debt of gratitude for reminding us of the eloquence and indispensability of the original work on social resource theory and for bringing together a distinguished roster of scholars and scientists to reflect on the theory and to exercise it in the service of addressing an astonishing number and variety of important social and organizational problems.” John T. Jost Professor of Psychology and Politics, New York University “What material and symbolic goods count as resources? How do resources relate to power? How can the exchange and distribution of resources be understood in both interpersonal and societal terms? In this outstanding volume, Törnblom and Kazemi bring together a constellation of experts from a variety of disciplines to address questions such as these. Taking as their basis the classic statement by Uriel and Edna Foa of the resource theory of social exchange, the Handbook moves through theoretical to practical analyses and presents both laboratory and field research conducted in a number of different countries. The book makes an excellent contribution to our understanding of social exchange theory in particular and of social relationships in general. The collection is both impressive and important.” Faye J Crosby Professor of Psychology, University of California Santa Cruz “A tour de force, this comprehensive volume presents cutting edge insights inspired by Foa and Foa’s social resource theory. Törnblom and Kazemi have brought together a stellar cast to address ageless questions about the cornerstones of social life and provide generative roadmaps for future theorizing and research. This volume is a rich resource for scholars as well as students and educated readers who want to know more about the complexities of social life.” Linda J. Skitka Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
In Alien Capital Iyko Day retheorizes the history and logic of settler colonialism by examining its intersection with capitalism and the racialization of Asian immigrants to Canada and the United States. Day explores how the historical alignment of Asian bodies and labor with capital's abstract and negative dimensions became one of settler colonialism's foundational and defining features. This alignment allowed white settlers to gloss over and expunge their complicity with capitalist exploitation from their collective memory. Day reveals this process through an analysis of a diverse body of Asian North American literature and visual culture, including depictions of Chinese railroad labor in the 1880s, filmic and literary responses to Japanese internment in the 1940s, and more recent examinations of the relations between free trade, national borders, and migrant labor. In highlighting these artists' reworking and exposing of the economic modalities of Asian racialized labor, Day pushes beyond existing approaches to settler colonialism as a Native/settler binary to formulate it as a dynamic triangulation of Native, settler, and alien populations and positionalities.
Taking ancient records as the starting point for analysis, this book theorises the state, administration and economy of ancient Egypt. The Egyptian state is theorised as an administrative field of material and symbolic powers with emphasis upon the latter because it has received scant attention in Egyptology. Maat (truth, fairness, connective justice) is theorised as symbolic power discursively authored, disseminated and monitored by senior administrators who redefined its meaning to suit changes in the sociopolitical contexts. The book examines the classification schemes of the Egyptian population devised by the administrative field of power and how they were used to differentiate, hierarchise and fix specific individuals within clearly demarcated social and economic categories that aimed to fix the subjectivity of those assigned to each category. Ancient Egyptian had a significant state economic sector and a private sector. A multiplicity of sources of state economic resources are examined: taxation/ impost, war booty and tributes, and gifts exchanged between the Egyptian kings and foreign kings. A nuanced understanding of Polanyi’s work on redistribution is used to theorise the cycle of levying, collecting, storing and redistributing tax revenues. Exchanges of gifts between Egyptian kings and kings from Asia Minor are theorised as occurring on a stage of institutional drama, war booty as an ‘economy of force’ and tribute as an economy of restitution. Private exchange is theorised by developing the concept of ‘sociable markets’ and drawing on Maat in its various meanings as truth, fairness and connective justice. This book will be of interest to readers in the fields of economic history, ancient Egypt and ancient history more broadly.
The peculiarly ambiguous character of applied psychology at the present time makes it appropriate to preface this book with an explicit statement of its purpose. The current development of the subject shows two widely divergent tendencies. The field covered by the subject is already large and is expanding rapidly, hence it has seemed best to limit the contents of the book to fundamental principles and the significant results attained in the three divisions of the field which have been most thoroughly explored, namely education, psychotherapy, and the psychology of industry, together with numerous illustrations drawn from other departments. The critical statement of principles is the most important part of the book, since it is by its misunderstanding of these that popular applied psychology usually goes astray. Throughout I have tried to keep the exposition as close as possible to common experience. Here psychology often succeeds only in giving precise form to what wise persons have long known, or reasons for what they have always done; but it is none the less desirable to have such exactitude and rationality scientifically established. This is perfectly genuine "applied psychology," though the fact is sometimes obscured in the atmosphere of experimental investigation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).