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EL BOE del 29 de abril de 2006 publicó la Ley 9/2006 sobre evaluación de los efectos de determinados planes y programas en el medio ambiente, que traspone al ordenamiento jurídico español la Directiva 2001/42/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo sobre la denominada Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE), importante instrumento preventivo de gestión ambiental, que viene a superar las limitaciones y deficiencias del enfoque proyecto a proyecto propio de la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA). El espíritu de la EAE consiste en integrar primero el medio ambiente en el proceso de formulación de políticas, planes y programas (PPP), en verificar después la realidad de ello y en hacer público el resultado. La integración implica incorporar sensibilidad, conocimiento, criterio y compromiso ambiental al proceso de elaboración de PPP. La verificación comporta dos facetas: comprobar que efectivamente se ha hecho un esfuerzo de integración ambiental en la elaboración del PPP y evaluar el resultado conseguido a través de la identificación, valoración, prevención y seguimiento de los impactos que se producirían en caso de ejecutarse. Por consiguiente, intervenir con solvencia y autoridad en el procedimiento de EAE exige una buena formación en materia de planificación y en particular sobre: 1. El concepto y el espíritu de la EAE. 2. La legislación que la regula. 3. Qué es un plan y cómo se hace. 4. Los principios de sostenibilidad y los criterios de integración ambiental. 5. La "lectura" del "entorno" de una política, plan o programa. 6. Integración de los dos puntos anteriores en la elaboración de la política, plan o programa. 7. Elaboración del documento técnico en que se basa la EAE: Informe de Sostenibilidad Ambiental. 8. El proceso de participación pública, consustancial a la EAE. 9. Una serie de técnicas inevitables para realizar las tareas anteriores. Este es el contenido de la presente obra, a cada uno de cuyos puntos se dedica un capítulo, que se completa con la presentación de algunos casos reales.
Para el Grupo de Investigación en Derecho del Medio Ambiente de la Universidad Externado de Colombia, así como para la Dirección de Desarrollo Sectorial del Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, resulta grato y satisfactorio poder presentarle al país, a los sectores productivos y a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional el libro Avances y perspectivas de la aplicación de las evaluaciones ambientales estratégicas en Colombia. Es el producto del trabajo de divulgación, de apoyo y de promoción de esta herramienta de planificación, que se ha venido dando por parte del Externado y del Ministerio en los últimos dos años. Desde la aprobación del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo para el período 2002- 2006, el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial ha venido promoviendo la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE), como una poderosa herramienta de planificación sectorial, dirigida principalmente a la prevención de los riesgos y los efectos ambientales de las políticas, planes y programas públicos y privados. Este tipo de evaluación integra criterios, valores y principios ambientales, éticos, sociales y de salud pública a lo largo de los procesos de toma de decisiones para el desarrollo, conjuntamente con consideraciones de orden económico y social.
Colombia is a rich country in ecologycal and social diversity which requires to sostenibility attend its local needs from real conditions that allow its easy and fast implementation actions in their favor. Theory, legislation, tools and resources are wide and varied but at the same time unconnected to the possibilities of many cities, specially of those smaller and numerous, where their implementation is more difficult. This reality demmands the broad participation of the stakeholders to find a new way to approach urban planning promoting environmental sustainability to its easy and quick insertion. Also to recognize territorial realities, urban environmental management capacity and personal expectations and motivations as part of the process. The Practical Application Model is the key to efectively advance in urban environmental sustainability. It identifies the set of key variables, projects and actions to reorient the effective integration of environmental sustainability in urban planning. He is composed by a conceptual and methodological proposal and the graphical model as an evaluation instrument. The new concepts are the practical application and environmentally sustainable urban planning (OTUAS). Methodology includes a set of stakeholders that highlight their individual interests to contribute to a collective achievement and an evaluation system using the graphical model. The evaluation system proposes four types of conditions integrated by twelve conditions or parameters that focus on (1) interest and knowledge, (2) implementation, (3) results and impacts, and (4) consolidation and continuation. The actions qualification vary according to local reality and become the gauges of the real possibilities of its implementation. The graphic model is a striking and didactic instrument that easily guides its implementation and is understood by most stakeholders. A graphical program in Excel shows which are the variables, projects or actions of greater practical application to insert environmental sustainability into urban planning more quickly and effectively in a simple form through bubbles of different color, size and location. This model feeds back from the experience with GEAUR (Grupo de Estudios Ambientales Urbanos) of Colombia and other published studies, from theory, the successful practices of cities in Europe and Latin America and the realities of cities in Colombia. Also from the contribution of the vision of academic and government experts from different cities that help to proposal. The Model is useful to achieve an increasing rate of commitment that effectively harmonizes the human with the technical-scientific and political objectives. The Thesis contains four parts. A introductory part presents the research problem, objectives and methodology. The first part include the conceptual theoretical reference through the study of environmental sustainability inside urban planning and the most important contributions of successful international experiences in favor of environmental sustainability. The second part recognizes the three medium-sized cities of Palmira, Tuluá and Buga and identifies the achievements and progress of the implementation of their POT (Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial) to conclude with the definition of the key variables for OTUAS considering the teory, the models and the international experiences. And the third part presents the Model as the conceptual and methodological proposal and its use in the three cases of colombian cities to feed back the Model. Knowledge of other cities and interviews with experts confirmed that this Model can be used not only in Colombia middle-sized cities, but also, in many others.
La evaluaciones ambientales estratégicas EAE conciben las condiciones institucionales y regulatorias necesarias para fortalecer las acciones de estado frente a los valores del ambiente y los recursos naturales renovables incorporándolos en las politicas, planes y programas que modelan el desarrollo del país, potenciando con ello la convergencia entre las metas sectoriales y las experiencias de sostenibilidad territorial y una mejor gobernaza ambiental.
The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.
Benchmarking has become a key tool in the water industry to promote and achieve performance targets for utilities. The use of this tool for performance improvement through systematic search and adaptation of leading practices, has expanded globally during the past decade. Many ongoing projects worldwide aim to address different needs and objectives, in varying contexts, with outstanding results and impact. Benchmarking Water Services provides valuable information to everyone interested in benchmarking in the water industry. The text is aimed at utilities considering joining a benchmarking project, experienced practitioners in charge of organizing a benchmarking exercise, consultants, regulators and researchers. The document is presented with a clear practice oriented approach and can be used as a how-to-benchmark guide presented from different perspectives (participants, organizers, supervising bodies). Readers will gain practical insight on real life benchmarking practices and will benefit from the experiences gained in some of the leading benchmarking projects of the water industry (including the IWA-WSAA benchmarking efforts, the European Benchmarking Co-operation and the several benchmarking projects carried out in Austria and Central Europe). The manual also presents the new IWA Benchmarking Framework, which aims to harmonize the terms used to describe benchmarking and performance indicators practices in the water industry, guaranteeing a more fluent and efficient communication. This Manual of Best Practice is edited by the IWA Specialist Group on Benchmarking and Performance Assessment, and co-published by AWWA and IWA Publishing. Praise for Benchmarking Water Services: "The continual trend of conceptual to specifics throughout the book provides for an educational experience each time the book is either casually perused or carefully studied." "The authors (Cabrera, Haskins and Fritiz) diligently pursue the focus of improvement." "Benchmarking Water Services is an in depth and practical ‘must have’ guide for any utility currently engaged in or planning to develop a benchmarking process" - Gregory M. Baird (2012) Benchmarking: An International Journal 19:2. More information about the book can be found on the Water Wiki in an article written by the author: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/TheNewIWABenchmarkingFramework A Spanish language version of this book is available as a free eBook: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/eBookTitlesfromIWAPublishingFreetoDownload-Volume2#HBenchmarkingParaServiciosdeAgua