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It is often said that these days there are too many conferences on general areas of computational mechanics. mechanics. and numer ical methods. vJhile this may be true. the his tory of scientific conferences is itself quite short. According to Abraham Pais (in "Subtle is the Lord ...• " Oxford University Press. 1982. p.80). the first international scientific conference ever held was the Karlsruhe Congress of Chemists. 3-5 September 1860 in Karlsruhe. Germany. There were 127 chemists in attendance. and the participants came from Austria. Belgium. France. Germany. Great Britain. Italy. Mexico. Poland. Russia. Spain. Sweden. and Switzerland. At the top of the agenda of the points to be discussed at this conference was the question: "Shall a difference be made between the expressions molecule and atom?" Pais goes on to note: "The conference did not at once succeed in bringing chemists closer together ... It is possible that the older men were offended by the impetuous behavior and imposing manner of the younger scientists" (see references cited in Pais' book). It may be observed that history. in general. repeats itself. However. at ICCM-86 in Tokyo. roughly 500 participants from both the West and the East were in attendance; there were only scholarly exchanges; the young tried to learn from the more experienced. and a spirit of international academic cooperation prevailed.
Triaxial compression tests were performed on 6-inch by 12-inch concrete cylinders. Axial pressures of up to 177,000 psi and lateral pressures of up to 75,000 psi were applied in the triaxial testing machine of the Bureau of Reclamation, Denver. Concrete mixes with average compressive strengths of 5,200 psi, 8,100 psi, and 8,700 psi were tested under four different types of triaxial compression. Type I and Type IV tests were run until the axial stress dropped or until 2 inches of axial deformation were produced. The results of the Type I and Type IV loadings differed little. Considerable bulging occurred, and it appeared that the average normal stress at midheight remained nearly constant during bulging and represented an approximate yield stress. Type II tests were run until the lateral stress had an effect. No drop-off of load occurred in the Type III tests, but the unconfined compressive strength of the concrete cylinders was decreased. The results obtained are in good agreement with those of previous investigators, but much higher stresses were attained in the present tests than in any previous tests. (Author).
Simplified mechanical loading paths, which represent more complex loading paths observed during penetration, were investigated using a triaxial chamber and a high-strength concrete. Objectives were to determine the effects that stress/strain (load) paths had on the material’s unconfined (UC) residual strength. The loading paths included hydrostatic compression (HC), uniaxial strain in compression (UX), and uniaxial strain load biaxial strain unload (UXBX). The experiments indicate that load paths associated with non-visible microstructural damage were HC and UX, which produced minimal impact on the residual UC strength (30%), while the load paths associated with visible macro-structural damage were UXBX, which significantly reduced the UC strength (90%). The simplified loading paths were also investigated using a material model driver code that was fit to a widely used Department of Defense material model. Virtual experiment data revealed that the material model investigated overestimated material damage and produced poor results when compared to experimental data..
The aim of this Conference was to become a forum for discussion of both academic and industrial research in those areas of computational engineering science and mechanics which involve and enrich the rational application of computers, numerical methods, and mechanics, in modern technology. The papers presented at this Conference cover the following topics: Solid and Structural Mechanics, Constitutive Modelling, Inelastic and Finite Deformation Response, Transient Analysis, Structural Control and Optimization, Fracture Mechanics and Structural Integrity, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Compressible and Incompressible Flow, Aerodynamics, Transport Phenomena, Heat Transfer and Solidification, Electromagnetic Field, Related Soil Mechanics and MHD, Modern Variational Methods, Biomechanics, and Off-Shore-Structural Mechanics.