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Types and Properties of Water in two volumes is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. These volumes deal with different parts of the hydrosphere and features of water as substance in its three phases. Natural water is one of the most important substances for the maintenance of life on our planet. The main part of the Earth's water is concentrated in the hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, streams, underground water), and in the cryosphere (all the snow and ice). The atmosphere and living organisms also contain water, but in minor quantities as compared to the whole hydrosphere. Several types of water are in the Nature: atmospheric water, water in oceans, seas, coastal zones, and estuaries; in rivers, reservoirs, lakes and wetlands; groundwater including soil waters; glaciers, icebergs, and ground ice (permafrost). This set of volumes is designed to be a very authoritative reference for state-of-the-art knowledge on the various aspects such as: Characteristics of Water and Water Bodies in the Natural Environment; Properties of Atmospheric Water; Properties of Oceans, Inland Seas, Coastal Zones, and Estuaries; Properties of Rivers, Streams, Lakes and Wetlands; Properties of Soil Water and Groundwater; Properties Of Glacial, Iceberg And Permafrost Water. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.
The authors have correlated many experimental observations and theoretical discussions from the scientific literature on water. Topics covered include the water molecule and forces between water molecules; the thermodynamic properties of steam; the structures of the ices; the thermodynamic, electrical, spectroscopic, and transport properties of the ices and of liquid water; hydrogen bonding in ice and water; and models for liquid water. The main emphasis of the book is on relatingthe properties of ice and water to their structures. Some background material in physical chemistry has been included in order to ensure that the material is accessible to readers in fields such as biology, biochemistry, and geology, as well as to chemists and physicists.
Groundwater theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formations. This theme presents a perspective of the field of groundwater and an overview of the important aspects of the subject such as, natural origin and distribution, characteristics under diverse climates and surrounding rocky environments, exploration and management, natural quality and human related sources of contamination, sustainable exploitation of resources, protection and current research trends. The content of the theme on Groundwater is organized with state-of-the-art presentations covering several topics: Origin, Distribution, Formation, and Effects; Typical Hydrogeological Scenarios; Transport Processes in Groundwater; Transport Phenomena and Vulnerability of the Unsaturated Zone; Groundwater Development; Groundwater Use and Protection; Groundwater Management: An Overview of Hydro-geology, Economic Values and Principles of Management; Special Issues in Groundwater, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. These three volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, Managers, and Decision makers and NGOs
Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Volume II: Specific Metals, Fifth Edition provides complete coverage of 38 individual metals and their compounds. This volume is the second volume of a two-volume work which emphasizes toxic effects in humans, along with discussions on the toxic effects of animals and biological systems in vitro when relevant. The book has been systematically updated with the latest studies and advances in technology. As a multidisciplinary resource that integrates both human and environmental toxicology, the book is a comprehensive and valuable reference for toxicologists, physicians, pharmacologists, and environmental scientists in the fields of environmental, occupational and public health. - Contains peer-reviewed chapters that deal with the effects of metallic elements and their compounds on biological systems with a focus on human health effects - Includes information on sources, transport, and the transformation of metals in the environment - Provides critical information on the properties, use, biological monitoring, dose-response relationships, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 38 metallic elements and their compounds
With unprecedented attention on global change, the current debate revolves around the availability and sustainability of natural resources and how to achieve equilibrium between what society demands from natural environments and what the natural resource base can provide. A full understanding of the range of issues, from the consequences of the changing resource bases to the degradation of ecological integrity and the sustainability of life, is crucial to the process of developing solutions to this complex challenge. Authored by world-class scientists and scholars, The Encyclopedia of Natural Resources provides an authoritative reference on a broad spectrum of topics such as the forcing factors and habitats of life; their histories, current status, and future trends; and their societal connections, economic values, and management. The content presents state-of-the-art science and technology development and perspectives of resource management. Written and designed with a broad audience in mind, the entries clearly elucidate the issues for readers at all levels. In Volume II, Water includes 59 entries and Air includes 31 entries. The Water entries cover topical areas such as fresh water, groundwater, water quality and watersheds, ice and snow, coastal environments, and marine resources and economics. The Air entries cover air pollutants, atmospheric oscillation, circulation patterns and atmospheric water storage, as well as agroclimatology, climate change, and extreme events. Additional topics in meteorology include acid rain, drought, ozone depletion, water storage, and more. Natural resources represent such a broad scope of complex and challenging topics that a reference book must cover a vast number of subjects in order to be titled an encyclopedia. The Encyclopedia of Natural Resources does just that. The topics covered help readers face current and future issues in the maintenance of clean air and water as well as the preservation of land resources and native biodiversity. Also Available Online This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) [email protected] International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) [email protected]
A unified overview of the dynamical properties of water and its unique and diverse role in biological and chemical processes.
A book on Conceptual Chemistry
Handbook of Solvents, Volume Two: Use, Health, and Environment, Third Edition, contains the most comprehensive information ever published on solvents and an extensive analysis of the principles of solvent selection and use. The book is intended to help formulators select ideal solvents, safety coordinators protect workers, and legislators and inspectors define and implement public safeguards on solvent usage, handling and disposal. The book begins with a discussion of solvent use in over 30 industries, which are the main consumers of solvents. The analysis is conducted based on available data and contains information on the types of solvents used and potential problems and solutions. In addition, the possibilities for solvent substitution are also discussed, with an emphasis on supercritical solvents, ionic liquids, ionic melts, and agriculture-based products. - Assists in solvent selection by providing key information and insight on environmental and safety issues - Provides essential best practice guidance for human health considerations - Discusses the latest advances and trends in solvent technology, including modern methods of cleaning contaminated soils, selection of gloves, suits and respirators
Water and Development is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Water is perhaps the most critical natural resource upon which humans depend. Agricultural and food production, trade and ultimately the economic development of all regions of the world depend on rivers, streams, dams, oceans and other water resources. This critical relationship has persisted through the agricultural and industrial revolution and into the era of economic globalization. The relationship between human activity and the water resources on which it depends also continues to be reciprocal. Human consumption, energy, agricultural, industrial and other economic activity have significant impacts on water quality and quantity for better or worse. A key element of sustainable development rests on our global capacity to interact with the water resources on which we depend in ways that preserve them for our use and that of future generations. The two volumes on the subject present some of the topics such as Water, Agriculture and Food Interactions, dams, water valuation, arid regions, water-management, and Conflict over Water Resources, Water and Sustainable Development: They consider the implications which contributions have in each of these areas as well as introduce additional issues relating to the future of dams, innovative ways of increasing water supply, transboundary water resources, and the implications of global climate change for water resources. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students, Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, Managers, and Decision makers and NGOs