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"Real options (ROs) extend the financial option pricing theory to the valuation of real asset investment and managerial flexibility under uncertainty. However, differences between financial and non-financial rnarkets, and the cornplex real world environment of applications, build obstacles for the domain translation from financial options to ROs. This dissertation is motivated by the challenges of domain translation and developed in two essays. The first essay studies the incentive function of ROs (named the RO incentive). The essay develops an option-game framework to model the RO incentive, examines the change of investment behavior caused by the RO incentive, and values the collaboration improvement. A general framework for designing RO incentives is also developed in the essay for different forms of public-private partnerships (PPPs). The second essay focuses on dynamic capacity expansions, a representative RO application, and analyzes important factors of RO practices for the problem. These include economies of scale, capacity expansion mode, opportunity cost of waiting, terminal value of expansions, and capacity cap. Theoretical insights are obtained through the analysis, which are able to efficiently support the dynamic expansion decisions and explain observations from the numerical solution. The work of this dissertation has reduced the gap between the option theory and RO practices. It also has built a scientific foundation for exploring advanced RO problems such as the incentive design for multiple (more than two) agents and dynamic capacity planning with resource constraints during a mission"--Abstract Leaf iii.
Examines the ways in which real options theory can contribute to strategic management. This volume offers conceptual pieces that trace out pathways for the theory to move forward and presents research on the implications of real options for strategic investment, organization, and firm performance.
Explores real option theory applied in practice Real options are quickly becoming the valuation and decision-making method of choice for many companies, including oil and gas companies, utilities and natural resource companies, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, Internet companies, and many others. Real Options in Practice allows readers to view the world of real options from the vantage point of a corporate practitioner applying real option valuation techniques on a regular basis. Expert Marion Brach describes the challenges of implementing a real option framework in practice within a corporate setting. Touching on the real options most firms care about, Real Options in Practice identifies the classic types of real options-deferral, abandonment, switching, expansion, and compound-and explores the main concepts critical to understanding real option theory. Through Brach's own three-step real option valuation method readers will learn how the theory of real options is now being applied to drive better, more profitable corporate decision-making. Marion A. Brach, MD, MBA (Hagen, Germany), has undertaken financial valuation of business opportunities and acquisitions using scenario and real option valuation in the biotech industry. A recognized expert on real option theory and practice, Brach received her MBA from the Manchester Business School and frequently speaks at real option seminars.
This text addresses a wide range of issues in valuation using the Real Options technique. It covers the whole area of Real Options and looks closely at developments, especially in valuing technology companies. Authors in Europe, North and South America, Asia and Africa provide seven Real Options models and applications.
Real options refer to the investment, entry, exit and other strategic decisions of the firm that share three important characteristics: they are irreversible, they are made under uncertainty, and their timing is chosen by the firm. The term `real options' was introduced in 1977 by Stewart Myers in his paper `Determinants of corporate borrowing' that related risky debt holdings to the future investment policy of the firm. The literature on real options has since been active and growing with seminal works by Brennan and Schwartz (1985) on the valuation and optimal timing of the natural resource investments; McDonald and Siegel (1986) on general approach to investment timing and scrapping; Margrabe (1978) on the asset exchange options; Fudenberg and Tirole (1985) on the preemption and equilibrium in the technology adoption games; Pindyck (1988) on capacity choice, and Kulatilaka and Perotti (1998) on strategic growth options under imperfect competition. In the 1990's and 2000's, a number of classical textbooks in real options appeared in print: Dixit and Pindyck (1994), Trigeorgis (1996), Amram and Kulatilaka (1998), and Vollert (2003). In its development the real options literature combines the option pricing framework introduced in Black and Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973) with the research in the specific fields of economics and finance such as capital budgeting and investment policy, corporate debt and agency problems, mergers & acquisitions or game theory. The present work illustrates the application of the real options approach to three economic areas: strategic competition, mergers & acquisitions and international trade. The first chapter discusses the optimal timing of the technology adoption, entry and merger decisions in the industry producing a vertically differentiated product. I solve the model for the monopoly, duopoly and merger (which is equivalent to a monopoly with two products) and outline the equilibrium strategies of the Incumbent and the Entrant.
Academic Paper from the year 2022 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,0, International School Of Management, Campus Frankfurt, language: English, abstract: This term paper will start with providing an introduction to real options. Here the term itself will be explained, classified and compared to financial options. Subsequent it will be described where real options can be found and some popular examples will be explained. In the following Chapter the valuation of real options will be discussed. Approaches from the capital budgeting perspective as well as approaches from the option price modelling perspective are analysed, compared to each other and eval-uated.
Decision-makers in business and economics face a staggering array of problems. For example, managers of growing firms have to decide when to expand their business, governments have to decide whether to undertake large infrastructure investments, and managers of oil firms must decide how rapidly to deplete their reserves. While these problems seem quite diverse, they all share many important features. In each case, the decision-maker must choose when to take a particular action that will be potentially impossible to reverse, and the consequences of taking (or not taking) that action are uncertain. Also, the timing and nature of these actions directly affect the cash flows generated by the entities they manage. This book explains how techniques originally developed to price financial derivatives can be used to analyze real-world decisions, and provides the tools necessary to put them into practice. The real options analysis approach to decision-making is built on strong theoretical foundations, and is widely discussed in practitioner literature, but often only at a fairly intuitive level. What practitioners need-and what this book delivers-is a structured approach to systematically applying real options analysis to the wide variety of problems they will meet in business and economics. Real Options in Theory and Practice focuses on building up a general approach to solving real options problems from the ground up. Rather than aiming to build a "black box" to solve a small set of standardized real options problems, it describes the building blocks of any successful real options analysis and shows how they can be assembled in a way that is appropriate to the problem being analyzed. For both practitioners and academics, Real Options in Theory and Practice will serve as an authoritative and invaluable resource for those looking for effective and practical solutions to complex, real-life problems.
"Mun demystifies real options analysis and delivers a powerful, pragmatic guide for decision-makers and practitioners alike. Finally, there is a book that equips professionals to easily recognize, value, and seize real options in the world around them." --Jim Schreckengast, Senior VP, R&D Strategy, Gemplus International SA, France Completely revised and updated to meet the challenges of today's dynamic business environment, Real Options Analysis, Second Edition offers you a fresh look at evaluating capital investment strategies by taking the strategic decision-making process into consideration. This comprehensive guide provides both a qualitative and quantitative description of real options; the methods used in solving real options; why and when they are used; and the applicability of these methods in decision making.