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Recent studies on two-dimensional systems have led to new insights into the fascinating interplay between physical properties and dimensionality. Many of these ideas have emerged from work on electrons bound to the surface of a weakly polarizable substrate such as liquid helium or solid hydrogen. The research on this subject continues to be at the forefront of modern condensed matter physics because of its fundamental simplicity as well as its connection to technologically useful devices. This book is the first comprehensive overview of experimental and theoretical research in this exciting field. It is intended to provide a coherent introduction for graduate students and non-experts, while at the same time serving as a reference source for active researchers in the field. The chapters are written by individuals who made significant contributions and cover a variety of specialized topics. These include the origin of the surface states, tunneling and magneto-tunneling out of these states, the phase diagram, collective excitations, transport and magneto-transport.
The first part provides a general introduction to the electronic structure of quasi-two-dimensional systems with a particular focus on group-theoretical methods. The main part of the monograph is devoted to spin-orbit coupling phenomena at zero and nonzero magnetic fields. Throughout the book, the main focus is on a thorough discussion of the physical ideas and a detailed interpretation of the results. Accurate numerical calculations are complemented by simple and transparent analytical models that capture the important physics.
The Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics was created in 1965 by a group of LD Landau's pupils. Very soon, it was widely recognized as one of the world's leading centers in theoretical physics. According to Science Magazine, the Institute in the eighties had the highest citation index among all the scientific organizations in the former Soviet Union. This collection of the best papers of the Institute reflects the development of the many directions in the exact sciences during the last 30 years. The reader can find the original formulations of well-known notions in condensed matter theory, quantum field theory, mathematical physics and astrophysics, which were introduced by members of the Landau Institute.The following are some of the achievements described in this book: monopoles (A Polyakov), instantons (A Belavin et al.), weak crystallization (S Brazovskii), spin superfluidity (I Fomin), finite band potentials (S Novikov) and paraconductivity (A Larkin, L Aslamasov).
The properties of strongly correlated electrons confined in two dimensions are a forefront area of modern condensed matter physics. In the past two or three decades, strongly correlated electron systems have garnered a great deal of scientific interest due to their unique and often unpredictable behavior. Two of many examples are the metallic state and the metal–insulator transition discovered in 2D semiconductors: phenomena that cannot occur in noninteracting systems. Tremendous efforts have been made, in both theory and experiment, to create an adequate understanding of the situation; however, a consensus has still not been reached. Strongly Correlated Electrons in Two Dimensions compiles and details cutting-edge research in experimental and theoretical physics of strongly correlated electron systems by leading scientists in the field. The book covers recent theoretical work exploring the quantum criticality of Mott and Wigner–Mott transitions, experiments on the metal–insulator transition and related phenomena in clean and dilute systems, the effect of spin and isospin degrees of freedom on low-temperature transport in two dimensions, electron transport near the 2D Mott transition, experimentally observed temperature and magnetic field dependencies of resistivity in silicon-based systems with different levels of disorder, and microscopic theory of the interacting electrons in two dimensions. Edited by Sergey Kravchenko, a prominent experimentalist, this book will appeal to advanced graduate-level students and researchers specializing in condensed matter physics, nanophysics, and low-temperature physics, especially those involved in the science of strong correlations, 2D semiconductors, and conductor–insulator transitions.
The first part provides a general introduction to the electronic structure of quasi-two-dimensional systems with a particular focus on group-theoretical methods. The main part of the monograph is devoted to spin-orbit coupling phenomena at zero and nonzero magnetic fields. Throughout the book, the main focus is on a thorough discussion of the physical ideas and a detailed interpretation of the results. Accurate numerical calculations are complemented by simple and transparent analytical models that capture the important physics.
The 1986 Advanced Study Institute on "The Physics of the two-Dimen sional Electron Gas" took place at the Conference Centre liTer Helme", close to Oostende (Belgium), from June 2 till 16, 1986. We were motivated to organize this Advanced Study Institute in view of the recent experimental and theoretical progress in the study of the two-dimensional electron gas. An additional motivation was our own theore tical interest in cyclotron resonance in two-dimensional electron systems at our institute. It is my pleasure to thank several instances and people who made this Advanced Study Institute possible. First of all, the sponsor of the Advanced Study Institute, the NATO Scientific Committee. Furthermore, the co sponsors: Agfa Gevaert, Bell Telephone Mfg. Co. N.V., Burroughs Belgium. Control Data. Digital Equipment Corporation, Esso Belgium. European Research Office (USA). Kredietbank. National Science Foundation (USA). Special thanks are due to the members of the Program Committee and the members of the Organizing Committee. I would also like to thank Mrs. H. Evans for typing assistance.
This thesis presents the discovery of a surprising phase transition between a topological and a broken symmetry phase. Phase transitions between broken symmetry phases involve a change in symmetry and those between topological phases require a change in topological order; in rare cases, however, transitions may occur between these two broad classes of phases in which the vanishing of the topological order is accompanied by the emergence of a broken symmetry. This thesis describes observations of such a special phase transition in the two-dimensional electron gas confined in the GaAs/AlGaAs structures. When tuned by hydrostatic pressure, the ν = 5/2 and ν = 7/2 fractional quantum Hall states, believed to be prototypical non-Abelian topological phases of the Pfaffian universality class, give way to an electronic nematic phase. Remarkably, the fractional quantum Hall states involved are due to pairing of emergent particles called composite fermions. The findings reported here, therefore, provide an interesting example of competition of pairing and nematicity. This thesis provides an introduction to quantum Hall physics of the two-dimensional electron gas, contains details of the high pressure experiments, and offers a discussion of the ramifications and of the origins of the newly reported phase transition.
Modern electronic devices and novel materials often derive their extraordinary properties from the intriguing, complex behavior of large numbers of electrons forming what is known as an electron liquid. This book provides an in-depth introduction to the physics of the interacting electron liquid in a broad variety of systems, including metals, semiconductors, artificial nano-structures, atoms and molecules. One, two and three dimensional systems are treated separately and in parallel. Different phases of the electron liquid, from the Landau Fermi liquid to the Wigner crystal, from the Luttinger liquid to the quantum Hall liquid are extensively discussed. Both static and time-dependent density functional theory are presented in detail. Although the emphasis is on the development of the basic physical ideas and on a critical discussion of the most useful approximations, the formal derivation of the results is highly detailed and based on the simplest, most direct methods.
When the ?rst edition ofBasic Semiconductor Physics was published in 2001, there were already many books, review papers and scienti?c journals de- ing with various aspects of semiconductor physics. Since many of them were dealing with special aspects of newly observed phenomena or with very f- damental physics, it was very di?cult to understand the advanced physics of semiconductors without the detailed knowledge of semiconductor physics. For this purpose the author published the ?rst edition for the readers who are involved with semiconductor research and development. Basic Semiconductor Physics deals with details of energy band structures, e?ective mass eq- tion and k·p perturbation, and then describes very important phenomena in semiconductors such as optical, transport, magnetoresistance, and quantum phenomena. Some of my friends wrote to me that the textbook is not only basic but advanced, and that the title of the book does not re?ect the c- tents. However, I am still convinced that the title is appropriate, because the advanced physics of semiconductor may be understood with the knowledge of the fundamental physics. In addition new and advanced phenomena - served in semiconductors at an early time are becoming well-known and thus classi?ed in basic physics. After the publication of the ?rst edition, many typographical errors have been pointed out and the corrected version was published in 2006. The p- lisher and my friends persuade me to revise the book adding new chapters, keeping the subject at the appropriate level.
It was in 1986 that INSPEC (The Information Division of the Institution of Electrical Engineers) published the book Properties of Gallium Arsenide. Since then, major developments have taken place. This third edition is comprised of 150 specially commissioned articles contributed by experts from the USA, Europe and Japan.