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A set of non-chlorinated hydrocarbons consisting Of C3 to C6 alkanes and alkenes was also observed. In the presence of various anions, competition between N03− and TCE was observed for zero-valent iron, bimetals and trimetals, especially when the concentration of N03− was higher than 200 mg/L. In the presence Of S042− and PO43−, there appeared to be an increase in TCE degradation rate using Fe/Cu/Ni but no significant effect using Fe/Ni, Fe/Cu and Fe. The presence Of HC03− did not affect the degradation rates of TCE dechlorination with zero-valent, bimetals and trimetals. Except in the 200 mg/L N03− solution, the degradation of TCE in the HC03−, SO42−, PO43−, and N03− was faster in Fe/Cu/Ni followed by Fe/Ni, Fe/Cu, and Fe. This study indicated that plating copper and nickel onto zero-valent iron will enhance TCE degradation rate constants by approximately one to two orders of magnitude.
This is the first complete edited volume devoted to providing comprehensive and state-of-the art descriptions of science principles and pilot- and field-scaled engineering applications of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) for soil and groundwater remediation. Although several books on environmental nanotechnology contain chapters of NZVI for environmental remediation (Wiesner and Bottero (2007); Geiger and Carvalho-Knighton (2009); Diallo et al. (2009); Ram et al. (2011)), none of them include a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental and applied aspects of NZVI applications. Most devote a chapter or two discussing a contemporary aspect of NZVI. In addition, environmental nanotechnology has a broad audience including environmental engineers and scientists, geochemists, material scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, ecologists and toxicologists. None of the current books contain enough background material for such multidisciplinary readers, making it difficult for a graduate student or even an experienced researcher or environmental remediation practitioner new to nanotechnology to catch up with the massive, undigested literature. This prohibits the reader from gaining a complete understanding of NZVI science and technology. In this volume, the sixteen chapters are based on more than two decades of laboratory research and development and field-scaled demonstrations of NZVI implementation. The authors of each chapter are leading researchers and/or practitioners in NZVI technology. This book aims to be an important resource for all levels of audiences, i.e. graduate students, experienced environmental and nanotechnology researchers, and practitioners evaluating environmental remediation, as it is designed to involve everything from basic to advanced concepts.
Nanobiotechnology for Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Mechanisms provides detailed information on nanomaterial applications for the bioremediation of a heavily contaminated environment. Relevant information is provided on the application of nanofibers, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), nanocomposites, and carbon nanotubes to rejuvenate the environment from different pollutants, such as heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, organic compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbon, and hydrocarbons. The book also explores the application of nanomaterials as a sustainable green solution that helps prevent various high levels of contamination in the environment. Each chapter addresses the application of nanomaterials as a sustainable tool for managing innumerable environmental challenges. This helps readers translate their research findings into sustainable innovations to resolve their immediate environmental challenges. Provides information on nanomaterial utilization for bioremediation of soil and water heavily polluted with pesticides and heavy metals Outlines novel nanomaterials that could serve as adsorbents, especially in managing heavy metal–polluted wastewater Explores nanomaterial applications derived from microorganisms via immobilizing or through novel remediating microbial enzymes
"Accidental spills and past improper disposal practices of chlorinated solvents have led to widespread soil and groundwater contamination. Drinking water standards for trichloroethylene (TCE) and many other chlorinated organic contaminants are in the range of 5 μg/L and these compounds have received extensive regulatory attention because these compounds are often carcinogenic and neurotoxic. Direct injection of reactive nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) is considered to be a promising approach for remediation of chlorinated compounds. NZVI is a strong reducing agent that can effectively transform TCE and other chlorinated organic compounds to non-toxic end products. The objective of the research was to assess various biogeochemical conditions on the reactivity of iron nanoparticles in particular sulfidation of NZVI for remediation of TCE. In addition, the feasibility of coupled NZVI-based remediation and bioremediation using polymer-coated bimetallic NZVI and a dechlorinating mixed culture consortia (KB-1) was investigated. We demonstrated that the extent of sulfidation of NZVI enhances the rate of dechlorination of TCE compared to non-sulfidated NZVI, and this enhancement depends on the Fe/S molar ratio of the sulfidated NZVI particles. Batch experiments where TCE was reacted with NZVI sulfidated to different extents (Fe/S molar ratios 0.62 to 66) showed that the surface-area normalized first-order TCE degradation rate constant increased 40 fold compared to non-sulfidated NZVI. FX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed formation of a surface layer of FeS and FeS2. This indicates sulfide ions reacted with NZVI iron sulfide on surface of S-NZVI. We propose that more electrons are preferentially conducted from sulfidated NZVI than from unamended NZVI to TCE, likely because of greater binding affinity of TCE on the reactive sites of the iron sulfide outer layer. Aging of sulfidated iron nanoparticles (S-NZVI) and their influence on rate of TCE dechlorination was compared to the aged non-sulfidated NZVI. Long-term experiments indicate that pseudo-first order H2 evolution rate constant for non-sulfidated NZVI was 0.092 ± 0.005 d-1 and was significantly higher than the S-NZVI (Fe/S=25) at 0.051 ± 0.005 h-1. This difference in hydrogen evolved corresponds to the amount of reactive Fe(0) consumed in the absence of TCE. To further support, the efficacy of long-term reactivity S-NZVI batch TCE degradation experiment with anaerobically aged S-NZVI (40 days) degraded significantly more TCE than the non-sulfidated NZVI. Bimetallic, palladium-doped iron nanoparticles (Pd-NZVI) are capable of rapid transformation of higher initial TCE concentration, and the ability to form rapid H2 (electron donor for bacteria) may facilitate TCE biodegradation. Dehalococcoides are the only species of bacteria that are capable of degrading TCE completely to ethene under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilized palladium (Pd-NZVI) on the dechlorinating mixed culture KB-1 for reductive dechlorination of 1, 2 dichloroethane (DCA). Results suggest that systems with CMC alone as a sole carbon source and electron donor were capable of degrading 1, 2-DCA, and methane formation. The microcosms with KB-1 and polymer coated Pd-NZVI degraded 1, 2-DCA at a significantly higher rate constant compared to KB-1 and CMC systems. In addition, methanogenesis by KB-1 showed no statistically significant difference in the methane formation rate constants between Pd-CMC-NZVI and CMC only systems.Overall, this research demonstrates NZVI reactivity towards TCE and its longevity (efficacy) under anaerobic conditions can be enhanced with sulfidation. In addition, this research also shows that CMC stabilized bimetallic NZVI, is not inhibitory to Dehalococcoides spp. and could promote complete bioremediation." --
Evaluates the effects of external cathodic current on the trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation rate by zero-value iron (ZVI). Sets up a bench scale test and a reactor where electrolytic reduction can take place.
Biodegradation and Biodeterioration at the Nanoscale describes the biodegradation and biodeterioration of materials in the presence of nanomaterials. The book's chapters focus on the basic principles, action mechanisms and promising applications of advanced nanomaterials, along with their integration with biotechnological processes for controlled degradation and deterioration of materials. In addition, the current research indications, positive or negative environmental impacts, legislation and future directions are also discussed. This book is an important reference source for researchers, engineers and scientists working in environmental remediation, biotechnology, materials science, corrosion and nanotechnology. Provides detailed coverage on how nano-biomaterials degrade and deteriorate Compares how different types of bionanomaterials decompose Explains how the priorities of bionanomaterials affect their deterioration rate
Features: The book covers the heavy metal impact on plants in detail. Chapters cover an array of topics and issues related to heavy metal pollution and its management strategies by plants Recent research results and some pointers to future advancements in current topic.