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Native American peoples suffer from health, educational, infrastructure, and social deficiencies of the sort that most Americans who live outside tribal lands are wholly unaware of and would not tolerate. Indians are the poorest people in the United States, and their reservations are appallingly poverty-stricken; not surprisingly, they suffer from the numerous social pathologies that invariably accompany such economic conditions. Historically, most tribal communities were prosperous, composed of healthy, vibrant societies sustained over hundreds and in some instances perhaps even thousands of years. By creating sustainable economic development on reservations, however, gradual long-term change can be effected, thereby improving the standard of living and sustaining tribal cultures. Reservation “Capitalism” relates the true history, describes present-day circumstances, and sketches the potential future of Indian communities and economics. It provides key background information on indigenous economic systems and property-rights regimes in what is now the United States and explains how the vast majority of Native lands and natural resource assets were lost. Robert J. Miller focuses on strategies for establishing public and private economic activities on reservations and for creating economies in which reservation inhabitants can be employed, live, and have access to the necessities of life, circumstances ultimately promoting complete tribal self-sufficiency.
Indigenous people (tribals) are viewed as historical objects of curiosity worldwide. In India, tribes have been marginalised by the creation of administrative boundaries and further hedged in by administrative (forest and land) policies, legislations, colonial and modern market economic orientations, technology, indifferent state policies and social pressures. The way of life of tribal communities, and production and distribution relations among them, has undergone significant changes in recent decades. It is necessary to enquire as to how these changes were brought about and to consider their impact in a historical context. This book brings together issues like the variations in the magnitude of land alienation, methods of land alienation, tribal movements, and restoration of alienated land among the selected villages, namely Reddyganapavaram, Darbhagudem and Reddynagampalem in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It also examines the role of changes in technology, cropping patterns, irrigation, agricultural wages, the nature of the work and the number of working days in a year among the tribal people, and their impact on overcoming poverty in the tribal economy. The book focuses chiefly on social and political mobilisation among the tribal population, the role of non-governmental organisations in the process of building awareness and educating them towards understanding legal procedures and techniques to deal with the issues of land alienation, labour exploitation and restoration of alienated land. With its insightful contributions, Mapping the Tribal Economy will be of immense value to teachers, students, and scholars of economics, tribal studies, economic anthropology, public administration and social work. It will also be of interest to policy makers, administrators, social activists, non-governmental organisations, and those working with tribal communities.
It was only in the sixteenth century that texts began to refer to the significance of "economic activity" -- of sustaining life. This was not because the ordinary business of life was thought unimportant, but because the principles governing economic conduct were thought to be obvious or uncontroversial. The subsequent development of economic writing thus parallels the development of capitalism in Western Europe. From the seventeenth to the twenty-first century there has been a constant shift in content, audience, and form of argument as the literature of economic argument developed. The Economy of the Word proposes that to understand the various forms that economic literature has taken, we need to adopt a more literary approach in economics specifically, to adopt the instruments and techniques of philology. This way we can conceive the history of economic thought to be an on-going work in progress, rather than the story of the emergence of modern economic thinking. This approach demands that we pay attention to the construction of particular texts, showing the work of economic argument in different contexts. In sum, we need to pay attention to the "economy of the word". The Economy of the Word is divided into three parts. The first explains what the term "economy" has meant from Antiquity to Modernity, coupling this conceptual history with an examination of how the idea of national income was turned into a number during the first half of the twentieth century. The second part is devoted to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, considering first the manner in which Smith deals with international trade, and then the way in which the book was read in the course of the nineteenth century. Part III examines the sources used by Karl Marx and Léon Walras in developing their economic analysis, drawing attention to their shared intellectual context in French political economy.
Review of tribal economic development with special reference to Orissa and India in general.
Study conducted in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh.
This book uses empirical data to articulate the issues of the Indian tribal economy in general and the role of minor forest produce in the tribal economy in particular. It throws new light on hitherto under-researched areas, especially those related to the significance of minor forest produce. This book is primarily based on the functioning of the tribal economy and draws on the experience gained by the author during his sojourn as a research scholar working the debt of tribal farmers and the technological gap in tribal agriculture. Empirical evidence is given in the present book to explore the validity of the earlier hypotheses in respect of the contribution of minor forest produce to the total income of the tribal households. Furthermore, a statistical analysis is undertaken to ascertain the relative contribution of each forest product to the augmentation of tribal earnings. The empirical work in this book also corroborates the theories of dependency between the forest and the tribals.
Study with special reference to the tribes of Chattīsagaṛh, India.
Most American Indian reservations are islands of poverty in a sea of wealth, but they do not have to remain that way. To extract themselves from poverty, Native Americans will have to build on their rich cultural history including familiarity with markets and integrate themselves into modern economies by creating institutions that reward productivity and entrepreneurship and that establish tribal governments that are capable of providing a stable rule of law. The chapters in this volume document the involvement of indigenous people in market economies long before European contact, provide evidence on how the wealth of Indian Nations has been held hostage to bureaucratic red tape, and explains how their wealth can be unlocked through self-determination and sovereignty.