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Investigations of shearing strengths of the soils from the site of a model flood-wall in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, were made in 1949 in the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This investigation was carried out under the supervision of the author, for the Ohio River Division of the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. Certain testing procedures that have not previously been published were used in this program, the most important being multiple-stage tests for determining the effect of applied pressure on partially saturated soil, and the aim of this paper is to outline the more important steps of the shear investigations of this project. The shear tests of this investigation were triaxial tests on samples 2.8 in. in diameter and about 6.5 in. in length, conducted at an essentially constant speed of axial compression, with no changes of water content permitted during shear and with pore-water pressures measured throughout all tests. This testing method has been accepted for several years as a standard procedure in the M. I. T. laboratory, and for testing details reference is made to other reports (1). The soil was a silty-clay of low plasticity. Undisturbed samples were taken from a test pit by the Ohio River Division laboratory staff at the seven depths shown in Fig. 1. The Atterberg limit and natural water content data at the left in this figure indicate that the nature of the soil does not vary with depth to any great degree, but the other curves show that the maximum past pressure (sometimes called the preconsolidation pressure) varies considerably with depth, and that the degree of saturation varies from about 90 per cent at the shallower depths to 100 per cent at the larger depths. Thus it is seen that the shearing strength must be recognized to be a function of depth.
"Although the triaxial compression test is presently the most widely used procedure for determining strength and stress-deformation properties of soils, there have been no books published on triaxial testing since the 1962 second edition of the landmark work The Measurement of Soil Properties in the Triaxial Test by Bishop and Henkel. It is apparent there is a need to document advances made in triaxial testing since publication of Bishop and Henkel's book and to examine the current state of the art in a forum devoted solely to triaxial testing. Because of increasing versatility brought about by recent developments in testing techniques and equipment, it is also important that the geotechnical profession be provided with an up-to-date awareness of potential uses for the triaxial test."--Overview.
Significant advancements in the experimental analysis of soils and shales have been achieved during the last few decades. Outstanding progress in the field has led to the theoretical development of geomechanical theories and important engineering applications. This book provides the reader with an overview of recent advances in a variety of advanced experimental techniques and results for the analysis of the behaviour of geomaterials under multiphysical testing conditions. Modern trends in experimental geomechanics for soils and shales are discussed, including testing materials in variably saturated conditions, non-isothermal experiments, micro-scale investigations and image analysis techniques. Six theme papers from leading researchers in experimental geomechanics are also included. This book is intended for postgraduate students, researchers and practitioners in fields where multiphysical testing of soils and shales plays a fundamental role, such as unsaturated soil and rock mechanics, petroleum engineering, nuclear waste storage engineering, unconventional energy resources and CO2 geological sequestration.
A laboratory investigation was conducted to assess the influence of density on the shear strength of unsaturated soil. To vary density, compacted specimens of an expansive clay soil were subjected to different stress histories prior to shear. Tests were performed at a constant water content. The Hvorslev "true friction-true cohesion" concept was used to normalize the effects of density differences on the shear strengths of both saturated and unsaturated specimens. It was determined that shear strengths of unsaturated soils were dependent on the stress state, density, and water content of specimens at failure. A modified Mohr-Coulomb failure model to predict the shear strength of unsaturated soils is proposed. The effect of suction is to increase the value of the cohesion intercept in this model. The actual measurement of soil suction is not required to apply the model.
Triaxial Testing of Soils explains how to carry out triaxial tests to demonstrate the effects of soil behaviour on engineering designs. An authoritative and comprehensive manual, it reflects current best practice and instrumentation.References are made throughout to easily accessible articles in the literature and the books focus is on how to obtain high quality experimental results.