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Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics are still the main domains that make greater use of flow visualization and classical optical techniques such as schlieren and interferometry than of more recent techniques such as holography speckle, laser light sheets, laser-induced tracers and laser-induced fluorescence. A number of studies are now under way on turbulent and vortex flows, within boundary layers or wakes, in the mixing layer of two flows. Other studies concern jets, two-phase flows and air-water interface. To review and discuss developments in flow visualization, four international symposia have been held. Following Tokyo, Bochum and Ann Arbor, the Fourth International Symposium on Flow Visualization (ISFV 4) was held in Paris in August 1986.
The scientific developments at the end of the past millennium were dominated by the huge increase and diversity of disciplines with the common label "computer science". The theoretical foundations of such disciplines have become known as theoretical computer science. This book highlights some key issues of theoretical computer science as they seem to us now, at the beginning of the new millennium. The text is based on columns and tutorials published in the Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science in the period 1995 -- 2000. The columnists themselves selected the material they wanted for the book, and the editors had a chance to update their work. Indeed, much of the material presented here appears in a form quite different from the original. Since the presentation of most of the articles is reader-friendly and does not presuppose much knowledge of the area, the book constitutes suitable supplementary reading material for various courses in computer science.
The purpose of this Handbook is to highlight both theory and applications of weighted automata. Weighted finite automata are classical nondeterministic finite automata in which the transitions carry weights. These weights may model, e. g. , the cost involved when executing a transition, the amount of resources or time needed for this,or the probability or reliability of its successful execution. The behavior of weighted finite automata can then be considered as the function (suitably defined) associating with each word the weight of its execution. Clearly, weights can also be added to classical automata with infinite state sets like pushdown automata; this extension constitutes the general concept of weighted automata. To illustrate the diversity of weighted automata, let us consider the following scenarios. Assume that a quantitative system is modeled by a classical automaton in which the transitions carry as weights the amount of resources needed for their execution. Then the amount of resources needed for a path in this weighted automaton is obtained simply as the sum of the weights of its transitions. Given a word, we might be interested in the minimal amount of resources needed for its execution, i. e. , for the successful paths realizing the given word. In this example, we could also replace the “resources” by “profit” and then be interested in the maximal profit realized, correspondingly, by a given word.
Professor Jozef Gruska is a well known computer scientist for his many and broad results. He was the father of theoretical computer science research in Czechoslovakia and among the first Slovak programmers in the early 1960s. Jozef Gruska introduced the descriptional complexity of grammars, automata, and languages, and is one of the pioneers of parallel (systolic) automata. His other main research interests include parallel systems and automata, as well as quantum information processing, transmission, and cryptography. He is co-founder of four regular series of conferences in informatics and two in quantum information processing and the Founding Chair (1989-96) of the IFIP Specialist Group on Foundations of Computer Science.
Jumping Computation: Updating Automata and Grammars for Discontinuous Information Processing is primarily a theoretically oriented treatment of jumping automata and grammars, covering all essential theoretical topics concerning them, including their power, properties, and transformations. From a practical viewpoint, it describes various concepts, methods, algorithms, techniques, case studies and applications based upon these automata and grammars. In today’s computerized world, the scientific development and study of computation, referred to as the theory of computation, plays a crucial role. One important branch, language theory, investigates how to define and study languages and their models, which formalize algorithms according to which their computation is executed. These language-defining models are classified into two basic categories: automata, which define languages by recognizing their words, and grammars, which generate them. Introduced many decades ago, these rules reflect classical sequential computation. However, today’s computational methods frequently process information in a fundamentally different way, frequently “jumping” over large portions of the information as a whole. This book adapts classical models to formalize and study this kind of computation properly. Simply put, during their language-defining process, these adapted versions, called jumping automata and grammars, jump across the words they work on. The book selects important models and summarizes key results about them in a compact and uniform way. It relates each model to a particular form of modern computation, such as sequential, semi-parallel and totally parallel computation, and explains how the model in question properly reflects and formalizes the corresponding form of computation, thus allowing us to obtain a systematized body of mathematically precise knowledge concerning the jumping computation. The book pays a special attention to power, closure properties, and transformations, and also describes many algorithms that modify jumping grammars and automata so they satisfy some prescribed properties without changing the defined language. The book will be of great interest to anyone researching the theory of computation across the fields of computer science, mathematics, engineering, logic and linguistics.
This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to Dynamic Logic. Among the many approaches to formal reasoning about programs, Dynamic Logic enjoys the singular advantage of being strongly related to classical logic. Its variants constitute natural generalizations and extensions of classical formalisms. For example, Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) can be described as a blend of three complementary classical ingredients: propositional calculus, modal logic, and the algebra of regular events. In First-Order Dynamic Logic (DL), the propositional calculus is replaced by classical first-order predicate calculus. Dynamic Logic is a system of remarkable unity that is theoretically rich as well as of practical value. It can be used for formalizing correctness specifications and proving rigorously that those specifications are met by a particular program. Other uses include determining the equivalence of programs, comparing the expressive power of various programming constructs, and synthesizing programs from specifications. This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to Dynamic Logic. It is divided into three parts. The first part reviews the appropriate fundamental concepts of logic and computability theory and can stand alone as an introduction to these topics. The second part discusses PDL and its variants, and the third part discusses DL and its variants. Examples are provided throughout, and exercises and a short historical section are included at the end of each chapter.
It is with great pleasure that we are presenting to the community the second edition of this extraordinary handbook. It has been over 15 years since the publication of the first edition and there have been great changes in the landscape of philosophical logic since then. The first edition has proved invaluable to generations of students and researchers in formal philosophy and language, as well as to consumers of logic in many applied areas. The main logic artiele in the Encyelopaedia Britannica 1999 has described the first edition as 'the best starting point for exploring any of the topics in logic'. We are confident that the second edition will prove to be just as good. ! The first edition was the second handbook published for the logic commu nity. It followed the North Holland one volume Handbook 0/ Mathematical Logic, published in 1977, edited by the late Jon Barwise. The four volume Handbook 0/ Philosophical Logic, published 1983-1989 came at a fortunate temporal junction at the evolution of logic. This was the time when logic was gaining ground in computer science and artificial intelligence cireles. These areas were under increasing commercial press ure to provide devices which help andjor replace the human in his daily activity. This pressure required the use of logic in the modelling of human activity and organisa tion on the one hand and to provide the theoretical basis for the computer program constructs on the other.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, AI 2003, held in Halifax, Canada in June 2003. The 30 revised full papers and 24 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 106 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation, search, constraint satisfaction, machine learning and data mining, AI and Web applications, reasoning under uncertainty, agents and multi-agent systems, AI and bioinformatics, and AI and e-commerce.
Cognitive science is among the most fascinating intellectual achievements of the modern era. The quest to understand the mind is an ancient one. But modern science has offered new insights and techniques that have revolutionized this enquiry. Oxford University Press now presents a masterlyhistory of the field, told by one of its most eminent practitioners.Psychology is the thematic heart of cognitive science, which aims to understand human (and animal) minds. But its core theoretical ideas are drawn from cybernetics and artificial intelligence, and many cognitive scientists try to build functioning models of how the mind works. In that sense,Margaret Boden suggests, its key insight is that mind is a (very special) machine. Because the mind has many different aspects, the field is highly interdisciplinary. It integrates psychology not only with cybernetics/AI, but also with neuroscience and clinical neurology; with the philosophy ofmind, language, and logic; with linguistic work on grammar, semantics, and communication; with anthropological studies of cultures; and with biological (and A-Life) research on animal behaviour, evolution, and life itself. Each of these disciplines, in its own way, asks what the mind is, what itdoes, how it works, how it develops---and how it is even possible.Boden traces the key questions back to Descartes's revolutionary writings, and to the ideas of his followers--and his radical critics--through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Her story shows how controversies in the development of experimental physiology, neurophysiology, psychology,evolutionary biology, embryology, and logic are still relevant today. Then she guides the reader through the complex interlinked paths along which the study of mind developed in the twentieth century. Cognitive science covers all mental phenomena: not just 'cognition' (knowledge), but also emotion,personality, psychopathology, social communication, religion, motor action, and consciousness. In each area, Boden introduces the key ideas and researchers and discusses those philosophical critics who see cognitive science as fundamentally misguided. And she sketches the waves of resistance andacceptance on the part of the media and general public, showing how these have affected the development of the field.No one else could tell this story as Boden can: she has been a member of the cognitive science community since the late-1950s, and has known many of its key figures personally. Her narrative is written in a lively, swift-moving style, enriched by the personal touch of someone who knows the story atfirst hand. Her history looks forward as well as back: besides asking how state-of-the-art research compares with the hopes of the early pioneers, she identifies the most promising current work. Mind as Machine will be a rich resource for anyone working on the mind, in any academic discipline, whowants to know how our understanding of mental capacities has advanced over the years.