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As recently as 1968, computer scientists were uncertain how best to interconnect even two computers. The notion that within a few decades the challenge would be how to interconnect millions of computers around the globe was too far-fetched to contemplate. Yet, by 1988, that is precisely what was happening. The products and devices developed in the intervening years—such as modems, multiplexers, local area networks, and routers—became the linchpins of the global digital society. How did such revolutionary innovation occur? This book tells the story of the entrepreneurs who were able to harness and join two factors: the energy of computer science researchers supported by governments and universities, and the tremendous commercial demand for Internetworking computers. The centerpiece of this history comes from unpublished interviews from the late 1980s with over 80 computing industry pioneers, including Paul Baran, J.C.R. Licklider, Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn, Larry Roberts, and Robert Metcalfe. These individuals give us unique insights into the creation of multi-billion dollar markets for computer-communications equipment, and they reveal how entrepreneurs struggled with failure, uncertainty, and the limits of knowledge.
This document specifies the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), a reliable connection-oriented transport protocol for use in packet-switched communication networks and internetworks. The document includes an overview with a model of operation, a description of services offered to users, and a description of the architectural and environmental requirements. The protocol service interfaces and mechanisms are specified using an extended state machine model. (Author).
Transport protocols are an essential part of any modern data network, including military tactical networks. Most networks today, including the Internet, operate mainly using the transport protocol TCP. However, this protocol makes a number of assumptions that make it unsuitable for use in a military environment, which is typically characterised by data links that are impoverished in some way. This paper examines TCP, its deficiencies and many other transport protocols that are evaluated for suitability to a military tactical environment. Many of the essential services of TCP as well as other desirable services can be well met by some of these other protocols in existence today in a way that is more suitable for a military tactical environment.
The primary purpose of the DDN Protocol Handbook in three volumes is to serve as a guide for those planning to implement the DoD suite of protocols on various computers to be attached to the DDN, including the ARPANET. For this reason tutorial information and auxiliary documents are included in addition to the protocol specifications themselves. All of this information has been collected into one set of documents that can be used as a source book for implementation purposes. This first volume contains an overview of the protocol standardization process and policies within the U.S. Department of Defense. It discusses the roles of the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) and the DDN Program Management Office (DDN PMO) with respect to this process. Detailed specifications for DoD military standard (MIL STD) computer communication protocols, which are required as part of the protocol suite in use on the Defense Data Network (DDN), are included. The Handbook also outlines the role of the DDN PMO in DDN configuration management, and provides instructions for obtaining additional protocol information.