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Rational pseudo-continuum methods were developed to predict the sintering kinetics, and the associated evolution of transport properties (eg., Brownian coagulation rate constant) for aggregated soot' particles (eg., Al(2)O3, TiO(2)) containing N (”1) primary particles in high temperature combustion gases. Results show a much weaker N-dependence of the total time required for "collapse" than N(1/3) (resulting from theories based on collapse at constant fractal dimension). Using both laser light scattering and thermophoretic sampling/TEM image analysis, comprehensive experiments were initiated to understand how changes in seed level, flame stoichiometry and strain rate influence the nature of the particles formed in the HTCRE Lab counterflow laminar diffusion flame burner. In ancillary theoretical studies, rational yet remarkably convenient methods were developed to predict the erosion rates of metal and ceramic solid surfaces (eg., circular cylinders, leading "edges") in abrasive, high-speed streams. It was found that metal targets "sharpen" while ceramic targets become "blunter" Yale HTCRE Lab experimental data motivated the development of quantitative methods for predicting/correlating the effects particle formation in CVD thermal boundary layers on the rate and surface roughness of vapor-deposited ceramic thin films. jg p.3.
A 3-year program of research oriented toward the formation/transport of combustion-generated particles is summarized. Using thermophoretic sampling/TEM image analysis techniques, both inorganic (alumina) and carbonaceous soot aggregates have been shown to exhibit quantitatively similar morphologies. A thermophoresis-based method for measuring absolute local soot volume fractions, fv, in flames has been successfully implemented (in both co-flow and counterflow laminar diffusion flames). Called Thermocouple Particle Densitometry (TPD), it exploits the laws governing thermocouple response to the thermophoretic soot deposition, as first suggested by Eisner and Rosner in 1985. This method is independent of (often unknown) soot optical properties, unbiased with respect to soot morphology and size distribution, and yields spatially resolved fv values directly even at low soot concentrations (below 0.1 ppm). Accordingly, while neither "instantaneous" or "non-intrusive", it is especially applicable to spatially non-uniform and/or lightly sooting laminar steady flames. Ancillary studies of the transport properties of soot aggregates, and particle impaction on cylinders in high-speed crossflow are also described/documented among the 30 cited references emerging from this program(Section 5).
This volume fills the need for a textbook presenting basic governing and constitutive equations, followed by several engineering problems on multiphase flow and transport that are not provided in current advanced texts, monographs, or handbooks. The unique emphasis of this book is on the sound formulation of the basic equations describing multiphase transport and how they can be used to design processes in selected industrially important fields. The clear underlying mathematical and physical bases of the interdisciplinary description of multiphase flow and transport are the main themes, along with advances in the kinetic theory for particle flow systems. The book may be used as an upper-level undergraduate or graduate textbook, as a reference by professionals in the design of processes that deal with a variety of multiphase systems, and by practitioners and experts in multiphase science in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at U.S. national laboratories, international universities, research laboratories and institutions, and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries. Distinct from other books on multiphase flow, this volume shows clearly how the basic multiphase equations can be used in the design and scale-up of multiphase processes. The authors represent a combination of nearly two centuries of experience and innovative application of multiphase transport representing hundreds of publications and several books. This book serves to encapsulate the essence of their wisdom and insight, and:
Results of a 3-year research program, leading to 17 archival papers, are summarized here, covering the four basic areas: (A) Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) for soot measurements at atmospheric pressure and high pressures; (B).
Engineering students in a wide variety of engineering disciplines from mechanical and chemical to biomedical and materials engineering must master the principles of transport phenomena as an essential tool in analyzing and designing any system or systems wherein momentum, heat and mass are transferred. This textbook was developed to address that need, with a clear presentation of the fundamentals, ample problem sets to reinforce that knowledge, and tangible examples of how this knowledge is put to use in engineering design. Professional engineers, too, will find this book invaluable as reference for everything from heat exchanger design to chemical processing system design and more. * Develops an understanding of the thermal and physical behavior of multiphase systems with phase change, including microscale and porosity, for practical applications in heat transfer, bioengineering, materials science, nuclear engineering, environmental engineering, process engineering, biotechnology and nanotechnology * Brings all three forms of phase change, i.e., liquid vapor, solid liquid and solid vapor, into one volume and describes them from one perspective in the context of fundamental treatment * Presents the generalized integral and differential transport phenomena equations for multi-component multiphase systems in local instance as well as averaging formulations. The molecular approach is also discussed with the connection between microscopic and molecular approaches * Presents basic principles of analyzing transport phenomena in multiphase systems with emphasis on melting, solidification, sublimation, vapor deposition, condensation, evaporation, boiling and two-phase flow heat transfer at the micro and macro levels * Solid/liquid/vapor interfacial phenomena, including the concepts of surface tension, wetting phenomena, disjoining pressure, contact angle, thin films and capillary phenomena, including interfacial balances for mass, species, momentum, and energy for multi-component and multiphase interfaces are discussed * Ample examples and end-of-chapter problems, with Solutions Manual and PowerPoint presentation available to the instructors
This book presents a collection of recent contributions in the field of transport phenomena in multiphase systems, namely, heat and mass transfer. It discusses various topics related to the transport phenomenon in engineering (including state-of-the-art, theory and applications) and introduces some of the most important theoretical advances, computational developments and technological applications in multiphase systems domain, providing a self-contained key reference that is appealing to scientists, researchers and engineers alike. At the same time, these topics are relevant to a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines, such as chemical, civil, agricultural, and mechanical engineering.
Detailed coverage of advanced combustion topics from the author of Principles of combustion, Second Edition Turbulence, turbulent combustion, and multiphase reacting flows have become major research topics in recent decades due to their application across diverse fields, including energy, environment, propulsion, transportation, industrial safety, and nanotechnology. Most of the knowledge accumulated from this research has never been published in book form—until now. Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion presents up-to-date, integrated coverage of the fundamentals of turbulence, combustion, and multiphase phenomena along with useful experimental techniques, including non-intrusive, laser-based measurement techniques, providing a firm background in both contemporary and classical approaches. Beginning with two full chapters on laminar premixed and non-premixed flames, this book takes a multiphase approach, beginning with more common topics and moving on to higher-level applications. In addition, Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion: Addresses seven basic topical areas in combustion and multiphase flows, including laminar premixed and non-premixed flames, theory of turbulence, turbulent premixed and non-premixed flames, and multiphase flows Covers spray atomization and combustion, solid-propellant combustion, homogeneous propellants, nitramines, reacting boundary-layer flows, single energetic particle combustion, and granular bed combustion Provides experimental setups and results whenever appropriate Supported with a large number of examples and problems as well as a solutions manual, Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion is an important resource for professional engineers and researchers as well as graduate students in mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.