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Skin, the largest organ of the human body, makes up the main barrier to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms and the loss of water. Any injuries to the skin caused by trauma, diseases, or aging will lead to skin dysfunctions, resulting in a series of physical and mental disorders. Wound healing is a complex and fragile process, accompanied by hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Any abnormality in each process may lead to delayed wound healing and/or conspicuous scars. In addition, direct contact with the outside environment and stimulation by various external factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, microorganisms, etc., will cause a series of inflammatory reactions, leading to skin cell aging, affecting stem cell activity and wound healing. Therefore, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of skin injuries and to explore effective prevention and therapeutic strategies to facilitate the process of skin repair.
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Nervous system diseases and disorders are highly prevalent and substantially contribute to the overall disease burden. Despite significant information provided by the use of animal models in the understanding of the biology of nervous system disorders and the development of therapeutics; limitations have also been identified. Treatment options that are high in efficacy and low in side effects are still lacking for many diseases and, in some cases are nonexistent. A particular problem in drug development is the high rate of attrition in Phase II and III clinical trials. Why do many therapeutics show promise in preclinical animal models but then fail to elicit predicted effects when tested in humans? On March 28 and 29, 2012, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened the workshop "Improving Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders" to discuss potential opportunities for maximizing the translation of new therapies from animal models to clinical practice. The primary focus of the workshop was to examine mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of translational neuroscience research through discussions about how and when to use animal models most effectively and then best approaches for the interpretation of the data collected. Specifically, the workshop objectives were to: discuss key issues that contribute to poor translation of animal models in nervous system disorders, examine case studies that highlight successes and failures in the development and application of animal models, consider strategies to increase the scientific rigor of preclinical efficacy testing, explore the benefits and challenges to developing standardized animal and behavioral models. Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary also identifies methods to facilitate development of corresponding animal and clinical endpoints, indentifies methods that would maximize bidirectional translation between basic and clinical research and determines the next steps that will be critical for improvement of the development and testing of animal models of disorders of the nervous system.
Life-threatening organ dysfunction/failure in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis or trauma is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and/or inflammation. Despite significant advances in our understanding of some of the key signaling pathways involved in the excessive inflammation associated with sepsis/trauma, the translation of our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiology into organ-protective therapeutic strategies is still very limited. Current therapeutic approaches, hence, continue to rely on source control, antibiotics and supportive care, and particularly early goal-directed therapy.
Publisher’s note: This is a 2nd edition due to an article retraction.
Traumatic Brain Injury: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Diagnosis and Screening. The editors have built Traumatic Brain Injury: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Diagnosis and Screening in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Traumatic Brain Injury: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Rheumatoid Arthritis. The editors have built Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Rheumatoid Arthritis in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.