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The author over the past few years, as a tax practitioner and transfer pricing petitioner has seen things change quite a bit and it is an area that is going to develop even more. In this monograph he will cover loan pricing and provide a full methodology along with examples and introduce the reader to the specificities of several European countries such as Italy, Luxembourg, the Uk or even France regarding loan pricing.Then, in the second part of this monograph M. Hill will focus on how to delineate and analyse transactions involving financial instruments and also tackle the difficulty of having the analysis challenged by the tax authority. Indeed, your concern as a practitioner should of course regard having the documentation that proves the transaction is actually comparable and provide reliable data, but you should also ask yourself the following question: "Does the tax authority have the ability to actually understand and replicate my analysis?".
In recent years, the interpretation and implementation of transfer pricing regulations of intra-group transactions involving financing functions increased exponentially as one of the main priorities of both taxpayers and governments. This topic has also attracted the attention of international organizations since 1972, whereby an extensive guidance has been rendered by the OECD in the Transfer Pricing Guidance on Financial Transactions that became Chapter X of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines in February 2020. Not long after, the United Nations included these topics in Chapter 9 of its Practical Manual for Developing Countries in 2021. This book’s comprehensive approach to the practical application of transfer pricing rules to specific types of financing transactions ensures an in-depth understanding of the taxation of these transactions between related parties. Chapters contributed by renowned academics and practitioners based also on the work of international organizations elucidate the complex interaction between transfer pricing and the following types of intra-group financial transactions: loans; financial guarantees; cash pooling; hybrid financing; factoring; captive insurance; and asset management. Each contribution contains a balanced mix of theoretical understanding and practical examples, including case studies and references to key case law. Aware that legal certainty in this area remains unachievable despite the relevant work so far of the OECD and the UN, this book aims to alleviate this deficiency with principle-based and practical knowledge on transfer pricing applied to financial transactions. Tax lawyers, in-house tax counsel, tax authorities, international organizations, business communities, advisory firms, and academics will welcome this matchless overview and guide to one of the most important topics in international taxation.
This book explores transfer pricing issues related to intra-group financing transactions. It is an invaluable resource for tax practitioners, tax lawyers, tax managers, tax directors of corporations, treasurers and tax authorities, in all facets of transfer pricing and intra-group financing.
It is well known that intercompany financing arrangements have become increasingly subject to scrutiny in contexts of applying transfer pricing and anti-tax avoidance-related rules. With contributions by more than 50 leading global transfer pricing and international tax experts from law firms, multinational enterprises, academia, and tax administrations, this book provides unparalleled insights into the application of the Arm’s Length Principle to different types of financial transactions, application of anti-avoidance rules to various intra-group financial arrangements as well as the business value creation process and the dispute management landscape that underlie intra-group financial transactions. With in-depth analysis of the legislation and market developments that fuel the diverse range of financing options available to market participants – and loaded with practical examples and case studies that cover the legal and economic considerations that arise when analysing intra-group finance – the contributors examine such topics and issues as the following: national anti-abuse rules applicable to financial transactions; tax treaty issues; role of credit ratings and impact of implicit support; loans, cash pooling, financial guarantees; transfer pricing aspects of performance guarantees; ‘mezzanine’ financing; considerations for crypto financing; impact of crises situations such as COVID-19; how treasury operations can be structured in a group and the decision-making process involved; how hedges offset or mitigate risks; how to apply the arm’s length principle to factoring and captive insurance transactions; comparability analysis for various transactions; special considerations for transactions carried out by a permanent establishment; EU state aid and its interaction with transfer pricing rules; dispute prevention and resolution tools under the OECD, UN, and EU frameworks; and developing countries’ perspectives, focusing on Brazil, India, and South Africa. Given the challenges facing taxpayers and tax authorities alike, this book will prove an immeasurably valuable reference guide to support tax practitioners, tax administrations, and tax scholars in developing standards and policies in dealing with intra-group financing issues.
This chapter is based on information available up to 7 March 2014. The main changes made to this chapter up to that date are: in July 2013 the Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting was published; and, Actions 1 and 2 of the Action Plan on BEPS focus on hybrid instruments and entities.
In this monograph M. Hill will focus on how treasury transformation can support your transfer pricing compliance and streamline your inter-company finance processes, more specifically the pricing of indo-company loans financial guarantees and the determination of internal cashflow and in our bank interest rates First the author shall start by giving you some more background on transfer pricing and why it is important for corporate treasurers secondly the author will focus on the arm's length pricing of inter-company loans and financial guarantees stand alone financial transactions within the group, thirdly the author will switch towards four types of transaction, the determination of internal in-house bank interest rates and cash flow rates as there is much more complexity in this process compared to into company loans and then lastly the author will give you the key takeaways and also suggests designers approach based on client cases.
Transfer pricing and financial transactions: Issues and developments Since years, issues related to transfer pricing and intra-group financing are prominent in the agendas of both taxpayers and governments. The extreme relevance of these topics and the need to address them has attracted the interest of various international organizations for a long time. Already in 1972, the OECD emphasized that these topics required further attention, and the 1979 OECD Transfer Pricing Report dedicated an entire chapter to issues concerning loans. However, the first OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines issued in 1995 did not include a chapter on these issues. Twenty-five years later, in February 2020, the OECD finally released its 2022 Transfer Pricing Guidelines on Financial Transactions that became Chapter X of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. Meanwhile, in 2021, the United Nations included these topics in Chapter 9 of its Practical Manual for Developing Countries. With those welcomed recent developments from the OECD and the UN, the topic is now being extensively discussed, especially considering the necessary implementation of the guidance at the national level and the future answers from the tax courts at national and European levels when dealing with this matter. This publication discusses the most important issues and recent developments related to this topic. Beginning with an in-depth analysis on the accurate delineation of financial transactions, it further deals with the specific transactions concerning loans, financial guarantees, and cash pooling. This book is based on the outcomes of the presentations and discussions held during the WU Transfer Pricing Symposium held in October 2021 at the WU Vienna University of Economics and Business. The authors, apart from providing a theoretical background to the discussed issues, also present case studies that show how those issues can be approached in practice.
This is the second revised edition of the book published in 2012, and addresses the topic of intra-group financing and transfer pricing.
For corporate managers, maximization of the profits and the market value of the firm is a prime objective. The logical working out of this principle in multinational enterprises has led to an intense focus on transfer pricing between related companies, principally on account of the very attractive tax advantages made possible. Inevitably, numerous countries have established transfer pricing legislation designed to combat the distortions and manipulations that are inherent in such transactions. This important book, one of the first in-depth analysis of the current worldwide working of transfer pricing in intra-group financing and its resonance in law, presents the relevant issues related to loans, financial guarantees, and cash pooling; analyses an innovative possible approach to these issues; and describes new methodologies that can be implemented in practice in order to make intra-group financing more compliant with efficient corporate financing decisions and the generally accepted OECD arm’s length principle. Comparing the tax measures implemented in the corporate tax law systems of forty countries, this study investigates such aspects of intra-group financing as the following: – corporate finance theories, studies, and surveys regarding financing decisions; – application of the arm’s length principle to limit the deductibility of interest expenses; – impact of the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project; – transfer pricing issues related to intra-group financing; – credit risk in corporate finance; – rationales utilized by credit rating agencies; and – the assessment of arm’s length nature of intra-group financing. The author describes ways in which the application of the arm’s length principle can be strengthened and how the related risk of distortion and manipulation can be minimized. The solutions and methodologies proposed are applicable to any business sector. Given that determination of the arm’s length nature of transactions between related companies is one of the most difficult tasks currently faced by taxpayers and tax administrations around the world, this thorough assessment and analysis will prove extraordinarily useful for in-house and advisory practitioners, corporate officers, academics, international organizations, and government officials charged with finding effective responses to the serious issues raised. In addition to its well-researched analysis, the book’s comparative overview of how loans, financial guarantees, and cash pooling are currently addressed by OECD Member States and by their national courts is of great practical value in business decision making.
QUESTIONS: With regard to local legal or regulatory provisions, administrative practices, the result of tax audits or case law, what is the position in your jurisdiction on the following transfer pricing issues that arise in the financial services sector: I. Issue One: The use of residual profit split models in the global trading of financial instruments (i.e. the reward for research, structuring, sales, trading and back office functions); II. Issue Two: The determination of the reward for providing capital in financial services businesses, e.g. global trading, including the extent to which it is deemed to be provided from the jurisdiction in which the decisions are made that put it at risk; III. Issue Three: The appropriate transfer pricing methods to be used for the allocation of investment management fees (i.e. for investment management, sub-advisory, marketing and administration); IV. Issue Four: The appropriate transfer pricing methods to be used for the allocation of insurance premiums (i.e. between product development, sales, underwriting, captive reinsurance (especially), asset management and claims handling/administration); V. Issue Five: The attribution of capital (and its reward) to branches of banks and insurance companies; VI. Issue Six: Transfer pricing issues arising from the restructuring of banks - for instance, where one subsidiary administers the loans of another subsidiary which is not permitted to make new loans, or where one subsidiary transfers complex financial assets to another subsidiary.